Skin Tattoos Alter Sweat Rate and Na+ Concentration

Luetkemeier, Maurie J.; Hanisko, Joseph; Aho, Kyle Mathiew

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001244

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Discrepancies between methods of sweat stimulation can confound interpretation of studies investigating the impact of various host or external factors on sweat electrolyte concentrations. For example, one study found lower local sweating rates and a higher sweat [Na + ] on tattooed skin than contralateral non-tattooed skin when stimulated by pilocarpine iontophoresis (Luetkemeier et al 2017). However, in another study, skin tattoos did not alter local sweating rate or sweat [Na + ] of exercise-induced sweating (Rogers et al 2019).…”

Section: Sodium Chloride and Other Micronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

2020

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The purpose of this paper is to review the physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition to assess the utility of sweat as a proxy for blood or as a potential biomarker of human health or nutritional/physiological status. Methods This narrative review includes the major sweat electrolytes (sodium, chloride, and potassium), other micronutrients (e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, vitamins), metabolites (e.g., glucose, lactate, ammonia, urea, bicarbonate, amino acids, ethanol), and other compounds (e.g., cytokines and cortisol). Results Ion membrane transport mechanisms for sodium and chloride are well established, but the mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption for most other sweat solutes are still equivocal. Correlations between sweat and blood have not been established for most constituents, with perhaps the exception of ethanol. With respect to sweat diagnostics, it is well accepted that elevated sweat sodium and chloride is a useful screening tool for cystic fibrosis. However, sweat electrolyte concentrations are not predictive of hydration status or sweating rate. Sweat metabolite concentrations are not a reliable biomarker for exercise intensity or other physiological stressors. To date, glucose, cytokine, and cortisol research is too limited to suggest that sweat is a useful surrogate for blood. Conclusion Final sweat composition is not only influenced by extracellular solute concentrations, but also mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption, sweat flow rate, byproducts of sweat gland metabolism, skin surface contamination, and sebum secretions, among other factors related to methodology. Future research that accounts for these confounding factors is needed to address the existing gaps in the literature.

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Section: Sodium Chloride and Other Micronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

2020

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“…Limited data on sweat composition. Tattoos Chronic Reduced sweating rate and higher sweat [Na] in response to pharmacologically-induced local sweating than non-tattooed skin; unknown etiology [466][467][468]. More research involving exercise or heatinduced whole body sweating is needed.…”

Section: Secondary Hyperhidrosis Chronic/ Episodicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

2019

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The purpose of this comprehensive review is to: 1) review the physiology of sweat gland function and mechanisms determining the amount and composition of sweat excreted onto the skin surface; 2) provide an overview of the well-established thermoregulatory functions and adaptive responses of the sweat gland; and 3) discuss the state of evidence for potential non-thermoregulatory roles of sweat in the maintenance and/or perturbation of human health. The role of sweating to eliminate waste products and toxicants seems to be minor compared with other avenues of excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; as eccrine glands do not adapt to increase excretion rates either via concentrating sweat or increasing overall sweating rate. Studies suggesting a larger role of sweat glands in clearing waste products or toxicants from the body may be an artifact of methodological issues rather than evidence for selective transport. Furthermore, unlike the renal system, it seems that sweat glands do not conserve water loss or concentrate sweat fluid through vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption. Individuals with high NaCl concentrations in sweat (e.g. cystic fibrosis) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating; however, sweat-induced deficiencies appear to be of minimal risk for trace minerals and vitamins. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential role of eccrine sweating in skin hydration and microbial defense. Finally, the utility of sweat composition as a biomarker for human physiology is currently limited; as more research is needed to determine potential relations between sweat and blood solute concentrations.

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“…It has been seen that well-trained athletes "sweat more but swear better," that is, they Sports Nutrition and Performance DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.84467 sweat more water, but the loss of electrolytes is lower [41]. Recent studies have compared both the rate of sweating and the concentration of sodium in tattooed people versus non-tattooed people, concluding that the most tattooed skin presented lower sweating rate and higher sodium concentration [42].…”

Section: Hydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports Nutrition and Performance

Saura¹,

Rentero²,

Hernández³

2019

Nutrition in Health and Disease - Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time

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Nutrition plays an essential role on sports performance. Following an adequate nutrition pattern determines winning the gold medal or failing in the attempt. That is why it is commonly referred to as "invisible training." However, regarding food and performance, it is not only referred to professional athletes. Nowadays, a large number of amateur athletes perform daily physical activity both recreationally and semiprofessionally. That population also seeks to achieve an improvement in their personal brands, which can be reached following proper nutritional guidelines. In athlete population, nutrient requirements are incremented compared with nonathlete population. Therefore, it is essential to carry out a nutritional approach adapted to the athlete and training sessions. In addition, other advantages of adequate food intake in sports are related to changes in body composition, reduction of injuries, and prolongation of professional career length. The objective of this chapter is to determine the nutritional requirements of athlete population that allow to achieve their sporting goals. Nutritional strategies will be addressed in terms of macronutrients consumption, hydration, and timing depending on type and intensity of exercise.

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Skin Tattoos Alter Sweat Rate and Na+ Concentration

Abstract: Tattooed skin generated less sweat and a higher Na concentration than nontattooed skin when stimulated by pilocarpine iontophoresis.

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

Sports Nutrition and Performance

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