Skin temperature during running‐‐a study using infra‐red colour thermography.

Clark, R. P.; Mullan, B J; Pugh, L. G. C. E.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011800

Cited by 96 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…This gain compared with hair-covered individuals can be understood because skin temperature is assumed to remain constant throughout, and so there is not the enhanced radiation and convection that arise when the surface of the hair is heated and rises in temperature. Such lack of variation in skin temperature is seen in modern humans-even in sunbathing individuals and those taking vigorous exercise, skin temperature is often lower than core temperature and very rarely more than 1 or 2 degrees higher (15)(16)(17). Notice that at the beginning and end of the day, these individuals are predicted to lose heat even when not sweating.…”

Section: Model Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins

Ruxton

Wilkinson

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Two frequently debated aspects of hominin evolution are the development of upright bipedal stance and reduction in body hair. It has long been argued, on the basis of heat-balance models, that thermoregulation might have been important in the evolution of both of these traits. Previous models were based on a stationary individual standing in direct sunlight; here we extend this approach to consider a walking hominin, having argued that walking is more thermally challenging than remaining still. Further, stationary activities may be more compatible with shade seeking than activities (such as foraging) involving travel across the landscape. Our model predictions suggest that upright stance probably evolved for nonthermoregulatory reasons. However, the thermoregulatory explanation for hair loss was supported. Specifically, we postulate progressive hair loss being selected and this allowing individuals to be active in hot, open environments initially around dusk and dawn without overheating. Then, as our ancestors' hair loss increased and sweating ability improved over evolutionary time, the fraction of the day when they could remain active in such environments extended. Our model suggests that only when hair loss and sweating ability reach near-modern human levels could hominins have been active in the heat of the day in hot, open environments.T wo frequently debated aspects of hominin evolution are the development of upright stance and the reduction in body hair. Indeed, a good case can be made that upright stance was "the first novelty of our lineage" (1), and lack of hair is one of the visually most obvious aspects of modern humans compared with other similar-sized mammals (2). One line of reasoning posits that thermoregulation may have been important in the evolutionary development of both of these traits. Highly supportive of such discussions has been a series of papers by Wheeler that used simple heat-balance models to quantify the potential effects of such adaptations (3-10). Recently, we presented a revised version of Wheeler's model to explore thermoregulatory aspects of putative endurance running in extinct hominids (11). The key modification in our revised model was a change from a stationary individual, as considered by Wheeler, to a moving one. Movement both adds to the thermal challenge on an individual by increasing their metabolically generated heat production and allows greater heat loss to the air by forced convection. Here we apply a further development of this model to the issues in which Wheeler was originally interested: bipedalism and hair loss.We believe that consideration of a walking individual should be particularly informative, because it is easier to envisage ecological reasons why an individual would be required to walk through areas that offer no shade compared with situations where an individual would stand still for long periods in direct sunlight. Vision is likely to have been an important sense in both food finding (e.g., searching for and pursuing mobile animal prey) and predator...

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Section: Model Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins

Ruxton

Wilkinson

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…This includes research on the distribution of skin temperature (Clark et al, 1977), sweat production (Havenith et al, 2008;Smith and Havenith, 2011), thermal comfort (Nakamura et al, 2008), thermal sensory spots (Strughold and Porz, 1931), thermal thresholds (Lee et al, 2010) and cold sensitivity (Stevens, 1979).…”

Section: Distribution Of Thermal Sensitivity Across the Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional distribution of thermal sensitivity to cold at rest and during mild exercise in males

Ouzzahra

Havenith

Redortier³

2012

Journal of Thermal Biology

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“…Progress can be observed in many different areas of medicine and science [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. As a completely non-invasive and fast method, thermovision has become useful in sport [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a completely non-invasive and fast method, thermovision has become useful in sport [9][10][11][12][13][14]. A few decades ago, the basic aim of athletes was to study definitive increases or decreases in skin temperature during specified periods of exercise (running, cycling or swimming), and also the diagnostics of injuries which led to changes in body surface temperature [1,[8][9][10][11][12]. Nowadays, it is known that thermal imaging can give important information about the state of health of the sportsman as well as give some information about many different diseases and methods of recovery after different injuries [9,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

May thermal imaging be useful in cyclist endurance tests?

Cholewka

Kasprzyk

Stanek

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Thermovision is a completely non-invasive and easy-to-perform method of imaging, and it is becoming useful not only in different modalities of clinical medicine, but also in sports medicine. However, it seems that thermal imaging may also find some use in training. That is why the aim of these studies is to compare temperature parameters with data obtained from specialist equipment, which uses monitoring to choose organism parameters during the endurance test and also to determine the efficiency level. In this study, we also try to estimate body metabolism, using a modified formula of Kleiber's law. We describe how metabolism changes during efficiency tests and compare these changes with parameters checked by an ergospirometer. All studies were performed by thermovision camera (Flir Systems E60). Results of the study showed that thermal imaging may be useful in sports medicine as a helpful method in efficiency evaluation. We obtained a high correlation between the standard parameters used in efficiency tests and the parameters derived from thermal imaging, which may suggest the possibility of using thermovision as an additional method in the planning of training cycles, and its effects.

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Skin temperature during running‐‐a study using infra‐red colour thermography.

Cited by 96 publications

References 0 publications

Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins

Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins

Regional distribution of thermal sensitivity to cold at rest and during mild exercise in males

May thermal imaging be useful in cyclist endurance tests?

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