“…During routine care practices, full-term, healthy infants are exposed to some interventions that are considered painful, including heel lance procedures for blood sampling and intramuscular injections. Skin-to-skin contact has been shown to reduce the responses of newborns to painful stimuli, including a decrease in facial grimace, heart rate, and crying time when compared to those who were not in skin-to-skin contact during the same procedures (Gray, Watt, & Blass, 2000;Kostandy, Anderson, & Good, 2013;Liu, Zhao, & Li, 2015).…”