Skin Wound Healing: Of Players, Patterns, and Processes

Abstract

Wound healing of the skin is a very complex biological activity. For a better understanding, an attempt is made to describe and subdivide the different players (cell types and signaling molecules), patterns (different regeneration or repair mechanisms) and processes (division of the overall process into categories, phases and steps). However, this is always based on different points of view. On the one hand, the temporality of the phases, and on the other hand, the dominant activity in each step can play a role. In addition, classifications according to wound theory and wound treatment are possible. This article aims to shed more light on the various classifications of skin wound healing and presents the underlying paradigms starting from simple approaches and ending with more detailed concepts.

Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate promotes wound healing response in diabetic mice by activating keratinocytes and promoting re‐epithelialization

“…Numerous factors are associated with increased risk of impaired wound healing in diabetes such as high triglycerides, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar due to causing endothelial dysfunction (Koitka et al, 2004), development of atherosclerosis (Beckman et al, 2002), and disruption of processes that are critical for re‐epithelialization (Lima et al, 2017). The wound healing process of the skin proceeds in four sequential and overlapping stages that include homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, and these stages are mediated by the action of various cells such as leukocytes, fibroblasts and keratinocytes as well as various inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes (Nourian Dehkordi et al, 2019; Potekaev et al, 2021; Rodrigues et al, 2019; Sorg & Sorg, 2022). The proliferative phase involves the re‐establishment of blood vessels, formation of granulation tissue, and the re‐epithelialization of the wound edge (Nayak et al, 2010; Tekleyes et al, 2021).…”

Heparinized Acellular Hydrogels for Magnetically Induced Wound Healing Applications

“…Interestingly, ischemic lesions in internal organs (such as the heart and lung) and skin wounds, both undergo a healing process that always starts with an inflammatory reaction and ends with the development of a scar. 3 Regrettably, in some pathological cases, permanent scars develop in the later stages of recovery as a result of increased fibroblast proliferation and excessive collagen deposition, which severely reduces tissue functionality. Permanent myocardial scars, for instance, have an impact on the heart's musculature and encourage asynchronous cardiomyocyte contractions, which limit blood flow and raise the possibility of congestive heart failure.…”

“…Interestingly, ischemic lesions in internal organs (such as the heart and lung) and skin wounds, both undergo a healing process that always starts with an inflammatory reaction and ends with the development of a scar …”

The effect of hydatid cyst protoscolex somatic antigens on full‐thickness skin wound healing in mouse

“…The hemostasis and inflammation phase begins immediately after the injury and consists of creating a clot and recruitment of monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. 8 By releasing growth factors, including Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs),…”

“…The epidermal cells’ proliferation and migration phase is the most important wound‐healing stage. The hemostasis and inflammation phase begins immediately after the injury and consists of creating a clot and recruitment of monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages 8 . By releasing growth factors, including Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), macrophages cause the migration and proliferation of cells and enter the next phase, called the proliferation phase.…”