Skinner's early research: From reflexology to operant conditioning.

Iversen, Iver H.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.11.1318

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…1073(Bolles, -1074, writing, for example, "with dramatic clarity" (Brooks, Purser, & Warren, 1964, p. viii) about moral responsibility (Skinner, 1955(Skinner, -1956see Skinner, 1983e, p. 107), Skinner can be difficult to understand. He sometimes used a terse technical style (T. Thompson, 1988, p. 398), changed his perspective (Chiesa, 1992;Coleman, 1984;Iversen, 1992;Moxley, 1998;Scharff, 1982), and can easily be read out of context (Todd & Morris, 1992). As an example of the last point, in writing that "the variables of which behavior is a function ... lie outside the organism, in its immediate environment, and in its environmental history," Skinner (1953a, p. 31) is easily misunderstood to mean that evolutionary history was irrelevant (see Garcia & Garcia y Robertson, 1985), when it was not (see Skinner, 1966c; see also the shaping-sculpting metaphor, Skinner, 1953, p. 91).…”

Section: Accessibility and Comprehension Corrections And Sympathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bibliographic processes and products, and a bibliography of the published primary-source works of B. F. Skinner

Morris

Smith

2003

BEHAV ANALYST

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This paper introduces the nature and practice of bibliography (e.g., definition, history, and genres); it reviews the extant B. F Skinner bibliographies (1958 to 2001); and it describes the methods used in constructing a new, comprehensive, and corrected bibliography of Skinner's primary-source published works. The bibliography includes 291 items from across 16 categories of publications (e.g., books, articles, chapters, monographs, book reviews, manuals, encyclopedia entries, letters to the editor) and lists them in chronological order (1930 to 1999). A discussion section addresses the bibliography's limitations, how it might be enlarged and expanded, its value for qualitative and quantitative historical inquiry, and the beginnings of a "Skinner industry."

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Section: Accessibility and Comprehension Corrections And Sympathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bibliographic processes and products, and a bibliography of the published primary-source works of B. F. Skinner

Morris

Smith

2003

BEHAV ANALYST

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“…All three evolve, selected by consequences (Skinner, 1981). Today, a small literature on Skinner's development as a scientist and a systematist suggests that his 1938 book and 1945b article were also the products of practices selected by consequences (e.g., Coleman, 1991;Iversen, 1992;Moxley, 1992Moxley, , 1997Moxley, , 2001). Thus, his publications were not revolutionary in his own work but were continuous with it, even if they seemed revolutionary in psychology at the time (and more so today).…”

Section: Founding As a Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 (Spring) nell, 1985); evolutionary biology, including studies in comparative psychology and animal behavior (Boakes, 1984); general physiology, including studies of biological functioning (Pauly, 1987b); psychological systems, including functionalism and classical behaviorism (Heidbreder, 1933); universities, including Harvard, Minnesota, and Indiana (e.g., Hearst & Capshew, 1988); scientists (e.g., Jacques Loeb;Pauly, 1987a), mentors (e.g., William Crozier; Hackenberg, 1995), and individuals (e.g., B. F. Skinner, 1976Skinner, , 1979; and publications. Although the first publication in the discipline's basic science was Skinner's (1930) dissertation, ''On the Conditions of Elicitation of Certain Eating Reflexes'' (see Iversen, 1992), its founding publication (founding and first publications are not necessarily the same) was The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis (Skinner, 1938; see ''A Celebration of The Behavior of Organisms at Fifty, T. Thompson, 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

A study in the founding of applied behavior analysis through its publications

2013

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This article reports a study of the founding of applied behavior analysis through its publications. Our methods included hand searches of sources (e.g., journals, reference lists), search terms (i.e., early, applied, behavioral, research, literature), inclusion criteria (e.g., the field's applied dimension), and (d) challenges to their face and content validity. Our results were 36 articles published between 1959 and 1967 that we organized into 4 groups: 12 in 3 programs of research and 24 others. Our discussion addresses (a) limitations in our method (e.g., the completeness of our search), (b) challenges to the validity of our methods and results (e.g., convergent validity), and (c) priority claims about the field's founding. We conclude that the claims are irresolvable because identification of the founding publications depends significantly on methods and because the field's founding was an evolutionary process. We close with suggestions for future research.

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“…Essa historiografia enfatiza, especialmente, o rápido avanço do esboço de uma ciência do comportamento como resultado das inovações instrumentais, dos achados empíricos e das formulações teóricas do jovem Skinner, no início da década de 1930de (cf. Coleman, 1981de , 1987Iversen, 1992;Micheletto, 1995;Moxley, 1992;Sério, 1990). Apesar da riqueza e sofisticação dessa historiografia, o foco conceitual dessa produção evidencia como outros aspectos do início da carreira de Skinner receberam escassa atenção.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Desconhecimento e liberdade no caminho de uma nova ciência do comportamento

Cruz¹

2014

Sci. stud.

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resumoInterpretações históricas do percurso científico inicial de Skinner destacam as inovações teóricas, empíricas e instrumentais de seu esboço de uma ciência do comportamento. Apesar desse empenho historiográfico, um aspecto tem sido tratado de modo secundário na análise dessa fase da carreira de Skinner, a saber, os impactos dos contextos institucionais da universidade de Harvard nos rumos de sua trajetória e ciência. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar esse aspecto por meio da apreciação das práticas institucionalizadas dos Departamentos de Psicologia e de Fisiologia Geral daquela universidade, e suas relações com a emergência da proposta científica de Skinner e suas peculiaridades teóricas e metodológicas. De acordo com nossa interpretação, singularidades dos primórdios da ciência skinneriana são compreendidas de modo mais amplo quando identificadas as condições institucionais que permitiram a Skinner se distanciar do mainstream da psicologia experimental estadunidense. Por fim, sugerimos que embora este estudo refira-se à história de um eminente cientista, em um momento e cenário histórico específi-cos, ele serve para ilustrar o papel de controles sociais, inerentes à prática científica, nos rumos da carreira de cientistas e suas produções intelectuais.Palavras-chave • Skinner. Autobiografia científica. Análise do comportamento. História da psicologia. História do behaviorismo. IntroduçãoEmbora a historiografia da ciência enfatize cada vez mais as relações intrínsecas entre a vida dos cientistas e suas produções intelectuais, informações referentes à biografia de cientistas ainda ocupam lugar secundário no ensino de história da ciência. Não por acaso, em livros textos e manuais introdutórios, biografias científicas são descritas em barras laterais ou em tópicos separados. Os próprios historiadores da ciência conservaram, muitas vezes, a vida dos cientistas como um capítulo isolado da ciência (cf. Porter, 2006). Motivo para tanto seria a definição, ainda hegemônica, de ciência como empreendimento puramente racional. Essa concepção, amparada pela forte distinção entre fatos e valores, propagada ao longo dos últimos quatro séculos, estabeleceu a separação radical entre os fatos científicos e a vida dos cientistas como uma relação indesejável e incompatível com a moral científica moderna (cf. Shapin, 2008). scientiae zudia, São Paulo, v. 12, n. 3, p. 465-90, 2014 465 http://dx

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Skinner's early research: From reflexology to operant conditioning.

Cited by 39 publications

References 47 publications

Bibliographic processes and products, and a bibliography of the published primary-source works of B. F. Skinner

Bibliographic processes and products, and a bibliography of the published primary-source works of B. F. Skinner

A study in the founding of applied behavior analysis through its publications

Desconhecimento e liberdade no caminho de uma nova ciência do comportamento

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