Skipping breakfast before and during early pregnancy and incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Dong, Jia-Yi; Ikehara, Satoyo; Kimura, Takashi; Cui, Meishan; Kawanishi, Yoko; Kimura, Tadashi; Ueda, Kimiko; Iso, Hiroyasu

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa014

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A higher proportion of the pregnant women in this study had their lunch or dinner as the largest meal of the day, which is consistent with previous studies that reported a higher proportion of energy consumed at lunch and dinner, i.e., during the later times of the day (45,46). The prevalence of breakfast-skipping in this study was at the upper end as compared to the previously reported prevalence among pregnant women (6-31%) (47)(48)(49). Pregnant women tend to be vulnerable to meal skipping due to factors such as morning sickness, sensitivity to smell, and reduced appetite (50)(51)(52).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Chrononutrition is associated with melatonin and cortisol rhythm during pregnancy: Findings from MY-CARE cohort study

Teoh

Kaur²,

Shafie³

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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Chrononutrition has been suggested to have an entrainment effect on circadian rhythm which is crucial for metabolic health. Investigating how chrononutrition affects maternal circadian rhythm can shed light on its role during pregnancy. This study aims to determine chrononutrition characteristics of healthy primigravida during pregnancy and its association with melatonin and cortisol rhythm across gestation. A total of 70 healthy primigravidas were recruited from ten randomly selected government maternal and child clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. During the second and third trimesters, chrononutrition characteristics including meal timing, frequency, eating window, breakfast skipping, and late-night eating were determined using a 3-day food record. Pregnant women provided salivary samples at five time-points over a 24 h period for melatonin and cortisol assay. Consistently across the second and third trimesters, both melatonin and cortisol showed a rhythmic change over the day. Melatonin levels displayed an increment toward the night whilst cortisol levels declined over the day. Majority observed a shorter eating window (≤12 h) during the second and third trimesters (66 and 55%, respectively). Results showed 23 and 28% skipped breakfast whereas 45 and 37% ate within 2 h pre-bedtime. During the third trimester, a longer eating window was associated with lower melatonin mean (β = –0.40, p = 0.006), peak (β = –0.42, p = 0.006), and AUCG (β = –0.44, p = 0.003). During both trimesters, a lower awakening cortisol level was observed in pregnant women who skipped breakfast (β = –0.33, p = 0.029; β = –0.29, p = 0.044). Only during the second trimester, breakfast-skipping was significantly associated with a greater cortisol amplitude (β = 0.43, p = 0.003). Findings suggest that certain chrononutrition components, particularly eating window and breakfast skipping have a significant influence on maternal melatonin and cortisol rhythm. Dietary intervention targeting these characteristics may be useful in maintaining maternal circadian rhythm.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Chrononutrition is associated with melatonin and cortisol rhythm during pregnancy: Findings from MY-CARE cohort study

Teoh

Kaur²,

Shafie³

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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“…Second, the data on skipping breakfast were obtained from the self-reported questionnaires of the participants; thus, misinterpretation of skipping breakfast is inevitable. However, while the percentage of pregnant women skipping breakfast in Japan is 20–30% [ 22 , 23 ], the percentage of women skipping breakfast was almost the same at 25.2% in the present study. Third, the types and amounts of food consumed for breakfast are unknown.…”

Section: Limitationscontrasting

confidence: 51%

“…In addition, blood pressure follows the circadian clock, and disruption of the circadian clock is associated with hypertension [ 20 , 21 ]. However, in Japan, 20–30% of pregnant women miss breakfast [ 22 , 23 ], and irregular dietary intake, such as skipping breakfast, is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes and preterm birth [ 22 , 24 ]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the association between skipping breakfast and the development of HDP or HDP subtypes in pregnant women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skipping breakfast during pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Japanese women: the Tohoku medical megabank project birth and three-generation cohort study

Aizawa

Murakami

Takahashi

et al. 2022

Nutr J

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Background Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) adversely affect the prognosis of mother and child, and the prognosis depends on the subtype of HDP. Skipping breakfast may be associated with increased blood pressure due to disruption of the circadian clock, but the association with the development of HDP has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between skipping breakfast and the development of HDP and HDP subtypes in Japanese pregnant women. Methods Of the pregnant women who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Three-Generation Cohort Study, 18,839 who answered the required questions were included in the analysis. This study had a cross-sectional design. The breakfast intake frequency from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy was classified into four groups: daily, 5–6 times per week, 3–4 times per week, and 0–2 times per week. HDP was classified into gestational hypertension (GH), chronic hypertension (CH), preeclampsia (PE), and severe preeclampsia (SuPE). Multiple logistic regression analysis and multinomial logistic analysis were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breakfast intake frequency and development of HDP or HDP subtypes. We performed a stratified analysis based on energy intake. Results Of the participants, 74.3% consumed breakfast daily, and 11.1% developed HDP. Women who consumed breakfast 0–2 times per week had a higher risk of HDP (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14–1.56), CH (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.21–2.19), and PE (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.27–2.21) than those who consumed breakfast daily. No association was found between skipping breakfast and the risk of developing GH (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.99–1.61) and SuPE (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.55–1.49). Stratified analysis showed that the risk of developing HDP due to skipping breakfast was highest in the group with the highest daily energy intake. Conclusions Skipping breakfast during pre-to early pregnancy is associated with the development of HDP. Further longitudinal studies are required to clarify the causal association between skipping breakfast and HDP.

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“…Third, GDM incidence was relatively lower in this population compared with that in other populations. We have reported possible explanations elsewhere [29]. Briefly, it may be explained by the lower pre-pregnancy BMI in this population, by different diagnosis criteria used, and by the exclusion of about 800 women with a history or current diagnosis of GDM at the time of study enrollment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Reported Eating Speed and Incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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There is little evidence linking eating speed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) incidence. We therefore aimed to evaluate the prospective association of eating speed with GDM incidence. Overall, 97,454 pregnant women were recruited between January 2011 and March 2014. Singleton pregnant women who did not have GDM, heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 1 diabetes, and/or type 2 diabetes at the time of study enrollment were eligible. Each woman was asked about her eating speed at that time via a questionnaire. Odds ratios of GDM in relation to eating speed were obtained using logistic regression. Among the 84,811 women eligible for analysis, 1902 cases of GDM were identified in medical records. Compared with women who reported slow eating speed, the age-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of GDM for women who reported medium, relatively fast, or very fast eating speed were 1.03 (0.90, 1.18), 1.07 (0.94, 1.23), and 1.28 (1.05, 1.58), respectively. Adjustment for demographic, lifestyle-related, and dietary factors including dietary fat, dietary fiber, and energy intakes yielded similar results. The association was attenuated and no longer significant after further adjustment for pre-pregnancy body mass index. The mediation analysis showed that being overweight accounted for 64% of the excess risk of GDM associated with eating speed. In conclusion, women who reported very fast eating speed, compared with those reporting slow eating speed, were associated with an increased incidence of GDM, which may be largely mediated by increased body fat.

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Skipping breakfast before and during early pregnancy and incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Chrononutrition is associated with melatonin and cortisol rhythm during pregnancy: Findings from MY-CARE cohort study

Chrononutrition is associated with melatonin and cortisol rhythm during pregnancy: Findings from MY-CARE cohort study

Skipping breakfast during pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Japanese women: the Tohoku medical megabank project birth and three-generation cohort study

Self-Reported Eating Speed and Incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

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