Skyline Tensile Forces in Cable Logging

Abstract

Skyline tensile forces have been shown to frequently exceed the recommended safety limits during ordinary cable logging operations. Several models for skyline engineering analyses have been proposed. Although skyline tensile forces assume a dynamic behaviour, practical solutions are based on a static approach without consideration of the dynamic nature of the cable systems.The aim of this study was to compare field data of skyline tensile forces with the static calculations derived by dedicated available software such as SkylineXL. To overcome the limitation of static calculation, this work also aimed to simulate the actual response of the tensile fluctuations measured in the real environment by mean of a finite element model (FEM).Field observations of skyline tensile forces included 103 work cycles, recorded over four different cable lines in standing skyline configuration. Payload estimations, carriages positions, and time study of the logging operations were also collected in the field. The ground profiles and the cable line geometries were analysed using digital elevation models. The field data were then used to simulate the work cycles in SkylineXL. The dynamic response of six fully-suspended loads in a single-span cable line was also simulated by a dedicated FEM built through ANSYS®. The observed data and the software calculations were then compared.SkylineXL resulted particularly reliable in the prediction of the actual tensile forces, with RMSE ranging between 7.5 and 13.5 KN, linked to an average CV(RMSE) of 7.24%. The reliability in predicting the peak tensile forces was lower, reporting CV(RMSE) of 10.12%, but still not likely resulting in a safety or performance problem. If properly set-up and used, thus, SkylineXL could be considered appropriate for operational and practical purposes. This work, however, showed that finite element models could be successfully used for detailed analysis and simulation of the skyline tensile forces, including the dynamic oscillations due to the motion of the carriage and payload along the cable line. Further developments of this technique could also lead to the physical simulation and analysis of the log-to-ground interaction and the investigation of the breakout force during lateral skidding.

Recent Applications of Smart Technologies for Monitoring the Sustainability of Forest Operations

“…The application of this kind of sensor demonstrated its great suitability for monitoring tensile force in winch-assisted logging, thus ensuring safe working conditions for loggers. A similar approach with consistent results was applied to the monitoring of a skyline system t several working sites in the Italian Alps, consisting of clear-cut or retention harvesting interventions in coniferous plantations [113,114].…”

A Novel Two-Phase Approach to Forest Harvesting Optimization Using Cable Logging

“…A mathematical model is developed to generate a feasible solution from the GA solution. The model aims to minimize the time cost of the logging cycles, as shown by the objective function (10). The original model includes restrictions ( 11)-( 14) defined below.…”

“…With this system, the authors manage to identify 98% of the measured cycles, providing valuable data for the analysis of cables and their operations. In a different approach, the study presented in [10] concentrates on the physical state of the cables, comparing tensile forces to static calculations. To address the inherent limitation of static data, a simulation based on finite elements (FEN) was employed.…”

Displacement compensators for the skylines of timber transportation cableways

“…Окрім того, зміну натягу тримальних канатів у процесі їхньої експлуатації спричиняють також вітрове навантаження, можливі коливання температури, обледеніння елементів конструкцій внаслідок атмосферного впливу, інші чинники, зокрема аварійні ситуації, які є особливо небезпечними. Зі свого боку інтенсивна зміна натягу канатів у процесі їхньої експлуатації спричиняє виникнення суттєвих динамічних навантажень і коливань усіх елементів канатної оснастки [11], а також нерівномірне і пришвидшене зношування тримальних канатів, зниження їхньої довговічності [12].…”