Slag Chemistry and Behavior of Nickel and Tin in Black Copper Smelting with Alumina and Magnesia-Containing Slags

Dańczak, Anna; Klemettinen, Lassi; O’Brien, Hugh; Taskinen, Pekka; Lindberg, Daniel

doi:10.1007/s40831-020-00318-y

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The chemical compositions of the metal alloy and matte are described in detail in the next section. As stated in previous studies [23,33], the Fe/SiO 2 ratio is a distinctive parameter of slags, and it is typically used as a control variable in industrial processes. In the industrial nickel-slag cleaning process, the Fe/SiO 2 ratio varies between 0.9 and 1.1 [37,38].…”

Section: Sample Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The samples were kept in the hot zone at 1350 • C for 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 min. After the required contact time, the sample was quenched to solid state in 2-3 s. A detailed description of the quenching procedure was presented in an earlier equilibrium study [33]. In the next step, the quenched samples were dried, mounted in epoxy (Struers, Denmark), cut in half with a diamond cutting wheel, and mounted in smaller epoxy buttons in order to fit the SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS sample holders.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures Of High-temperature Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

et al. 2021

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One possible way of recovering metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is to integrate the recycling with already existing metallurgical processes. This study continues our effort on integrating froth flotation and nickel-slag cleaning process for metal recovery from spent batteries (SBs), using anodic graphite as the main reductant. The SBs used in this study was a froth fraction from flotation of industrially prepared black mass. The effect of different ratios of Ni-slag to SBs on the time-dependent phase formation and metal behavior was investigated. The possible influence of graphite and sulfur contents in the system on the metal alloy/matte formation was described. The trace element (Co, Cu, Ni, and Mn) concentrations in the slag were analyzed using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique. The distribution coefficients of cobalt and nickel between the metallic or sulfidic phase (metal alloy/matte) and the coexisting slag increased with the increasing amount of SBs in the starting mixture. However, with the increasing concentrations of graphite in the starting mixture (from 0.99 wt.% to 3.97 wt.%), the Fe concentration in both metal alloy and matte also increased (from 29 wt.% to 68 wt.% and from 7 wt.% to 49 wt.%, respectively), which may be challenging if further hydrometallurgical treatment is expected. Therefore, the composition of metal alloy/matte must be adjusted depending on the further steps for metal recovery.

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Section: Sample Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Procedures Of High-temperature Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

et al. 2021

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“…After that, the sample was lifted to the hot zone of the furnace and kept there for different contact times: 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 min. At the end of the pre-set contact time, the sample was quenched to solid state very rapidly (2-3 s) [32].…”

Section: Pyrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovering Value from End-of-Life Batteries by Integrating Froth Flotation and Pyrometallurgical Copper-Slag Cleaning

Rinne

Klemettinen

et al. 2021

Metals

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In this study, industrial lithium-ion battery (LIB) waste was treated by a froth flotation process, which allowed selective separation of electrode particles from metallic-rich fractions containing Cu and Al. In the flotation experiments, recovery rates of ~80 and 98.8% for the cathode active elements (Co, Ni, Mn) and graphite were achieved, respectively. The recovered metals from the flotation fraction were subsequently used in high-temperature Cu-slag reduction. In this manner, the possibility of using metallothermic reduction for Cu-slag reduction using Al-wires from LIB waste as the main reductant was studied. The behavior of valuable (Cu, Ni, Co, Li) and hazardous metals (Zn, As, Sb, Pb), as a function of time as well as the influence of Cu-slag-to-spent battery (SB) ratio, were investigated. The results showcase a suitable process to recover copper from spent batteries and industrial Cu-slag. Cu-concentration decreased to approximately 0.3 wt.% after 60 min reduction time in all samples where Cu/Al-rich LIB waste fraction was added. It was also showed that aluminothermic reduction is effective for removing hazardous metals from the slag. The proposed process is also capable of recovering Cu, Co, and Ni from both Cu-slag and LIB waste, resulting in a secondary Cu slag that can be used in various applications.

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“…which has been recently measured for several 'technology metals' (Me = Co, Ni, Ga, In, and Sn) in various copper-making process environments, including matte smelting, copper matte converting, black copper smelting, and slag cleaning [16,17,[31][32][33]. Selected trace elements have also been included in commercial and non-commercial solution databases for estimations of distributions in smelting [26,34,35].…”

Section: Thermodynamics Of Trace Elements In Smeltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

Taskinen

Avarmaa

2021

Sustainability

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The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.

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Slag Chemistry and Behavior of Nickel and Tin in Black Copper Smelting with Alumina and Magnesia-Containing Slags

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

Recovering Value from End-of-Life Batteries by Integrating Froth Flotation and Pyrometallurgical Copper-Slag Cleaning

Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

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