Slag Formation During Reduction of Iron Oxide Using Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction

Seftejani, Masab Naseri; Schenk, Johannes; Spreitzer, Daniel; Zarl, Michael Andreas

doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0337.v1

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The latter variant can be also referred to as plasma-enhanced hydrogen-based direct reduction. 237,256,507,508 The high reductive effect of the plasma in both cases, solidstate and liquid-state reduction, might result not only from the multiple dissociated and exited states into which hydrogen is brought but also from the small size, the high temperature and the entry speed of the exited species.…”

Section: Sustainability Aspects Of Pyrometallurgy Formentioning

confidence: 99%

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

Raabe

2023

Chem. Rev.

135

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Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes of by-products every year. Therefore, metals must become more sustainable. A circular economy model does not work, because market demand exceeds the available scrap currently by about two-thirds. Even under optimal conditions, at least one-third of the metals will also in the future come from primary production, creating huge emissions. Although the influence of metals on global warming has been discussed with respect to mitigation strategies and socio-economic factors, the fundamental materials science to make the metallurgical sector more sustainable has been less addressed. This may be attributed to the fact that the field of sustainable metals describes a global challenge, but not yet a homogeneous research field. However, the sheer magnitude of this challenge and its huge environmental effects, caused by more than 2 billion tonnes of metals produced every year, make its sustainability an essential research topic not only from a technological point of view but also from a basic materials research perspective. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and discuss the most pressing scientific bottleneck questions and key mechanisms, considering metal synthesis from primary (minerals), secondary (scrap), and tertiary (re-mined) sources as well as the energy-intensive downstream processing. Focus is placed on materials science aspects, particularly on those that help reduce CO2 emissions, and less on process engineering or economy. The paper does not describe the devastating influence of metal-related greenhouse gas emissions on climate, but scientific approaches how to solve this problem, through research that can render metallurgy fossil-free. The content is considering only direct measures to metallurgical sustainability (production) and not indirect measures that materials leverage through their properties (strength, weight, longevity, functionality).

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Section: Sustainability Aspects Of Pyrometallurgy Formentioning

confidence: 99%

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

Raabe

2023

Chem. Rev.

135

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“…The thermodynamic principles and the basic operation of the HPSR process have been explained several times in multiple previous works [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Therefore, only the most important aspects are mentioned in the present work.…”

Section: Hpsr Basics Of Thermodynamics and Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrogen shows many different forms in the transition to the plasma state. The forms and their potentials for reduction (left to right shows high to low, respectively) are as follows [16]:…”

Section: Hpsr Basics Of Thermodynamics and Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first one operated at around 90-100 A and provided a power output of up to 9 kVA, while the second one provided 15 kVA with a current at around 150-160 A. Similar to the previous studies [8,9,[11][12][13][14], Carajas hematite iron ore was used for the experiments. The composition of the most important elements and the share of bivalent and trivalent iron are listed in Table 5.…”

Section: Experimental Program and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure16. Arc stability fields for the variation of the gas composition and the effect of iron ore introduction via the HGE.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Study on the Stability Fields of Arc Plasma in the HPSR Process

Zarl

Farkas

Schenk

2020

Metals

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One of the major challenges for Europe’s future steel production will be minimizing the inherent process emissions in the production of crude steel based on iron ores. In this case, mainly the reduction of CO2 emissions is a focus. One promising process to overcome these problems is the hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) process. This process has been studied for several years already at the Chair of Ferrous Metallurgy at Montanuniversitaet Leoben. The work presented focused on the stability of plasma arcs in the DC transferred arc system of the HPSR process. The stable operating plasma arc is of utmost importance for the future development of the process. The major objective is the definition of the most favorable conditions for this kind of arc. Therefore, tests were conducted to define fields of a stable operating plasma arc for multiple gas compositions and process variables. For several gas compositions of argon, nitrogen, argon/nitrogen, argon/hydrogen and nitrogen/hydrogen, fields of stability were measured and defined. Besides, the major influencing parameters and trends for the fields of stability were evaluated and are shown in this work.

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