Slag Modelling and Industrial Applications

Abstract

A bibliographical review of the most recent developments in slag modelling approaches, published since the 5th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, is presented, and the trends in using this information in Computational Thermodynamics software/database packages are outlined. Industrial applications based on examples pertaining to various iron-and steelmaking reactors are discussed. These applications are made essentially with the IRSID slag model and the CEQCSI software. They concern metal refining or micro alloying by slag-metal reactions and inclusions control in steels.

Kinetic Modeling of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behavior in Molten Steel: A Review

“…The crystallization of oxide inclusions during steel solidification was also calculated. [284][285][286] Later, they developed a generalized central atom (GCA) model to describe more precisely the short-range ordering in metal and slag phases by extension of the cell model and central atom model. [287] Alternatively, one of the thermodynamic databases specifically focusing on inclusion formation behavior during steel refining processes is the FACT database for multicomponent steel and oxide (sulfide, nitride, fluoride) databases developed by the associate model for deoxidation equilibria, the modified quasi-chemical model, in which short-range ordering is taken into account, and compound energy formalism, taking into account the crystal structure of each solution phase.…”

Computer Applications of Thermodynamic Databases to Inclusion Engineering

“…Recently, Gaye et al 39,43) calculated an Fe-Al-Ti-O inclusion diagram at 1 580°C from their thermodynamic database. They considered Ti 2 O 3 , but not Ti 3 O 5 , as deoxidation product.…”

Review on the Phase Equilibria in Iron Ore Sinters

“…As seen from Table 6, thermodynamic data has been collected and assessed for the systems containing all six components needed to study the phase equilibria in sinters. This thermochemical data is available in the databases of thermochemical software such as FactSage, [129][130][131] ThermoCalc, 119) MTDATA, 54,132) CEQCSI 133) and MPE, 127,128) all of which can be used to construct required sections of the FeO- 6, data concerning some of the relevant phases may not be included in all the databases of these software. 54,55,[121][122][123]132,134) Based on the information provided in the references of Table 6 as well as in the documentation on the software websites, Table 7, which collects the possibilities to model the solution phases potentially existing in iron ore sinters with different software, has been compiled.…”

“…It is also seen from Tables 6 and 7 that different approaches have been used to model the non-ideality of solution phases in different software. For example, the molten oxide phase is described with the modified quasichemical model (MQM) 56,87,[136][137][138][139] in FactSage's (GTT) FToxid database, [129][130][131]134) with the associate model (AM) 56,91,120) in MTDATA's (NPL) NPLOX database, 54,132,134) with the cell model (CM) 56,140,141) in CEQCSI's (IRSID) 123,125,126,133,134) and MPE's (CSIRO) 127,128,134) oxide databases and with either cell model 56,140,141) or associate model 56,91,120) in ThermoCalc's SLAG2 and NOX3 databases, respectively. 134) Furthermore, the generalized central atom model (GCA) 124,126) developed based on the cell model has also been used to model both oxide and metal phases in CEQCSI, 125) whereas the reciprocal ionic liquid model (RILM), 56,142) which assumes two sublattices in liquid oxide phase has been used in ThermoCalc's own ION3 -oxide database.…”