Slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade in Brazil and Cuba from an Afro-Atlantic Perspective

Araújo, Ana Lucia

doi:10.1590/2236-463320161201

Cited by 29 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…One interesting concern is that, although necessary, adjustments for genomic ancestry in admixed population may under-represent ancestry-dependent genetic associations. We were able to identify the PKLR susceptibility association solely in the two Brazilian populations with the historically highest African ancestry, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, port cities where most of the slaves during 18 th century were admitted [30,38,62]. The populations of Rondonópolis and Manaus, conversely, carry greater European and Native American ancestry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations

et al. 2021

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Pyruvate kinase (PK), encoded by the PKLR gene, is a key player in glycolysis controlling the integrity of erythrocytes. Due to Plasmodium selection, mutations for PK deficiency, which leads to hemolytic anemia, are associated with resistance to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and with susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in experimental models. In this case-control study, we enrolled 4,555 individuals and investigated whether PKLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively selected for malaria resistance are associated with susceptibility to leprosy across Brazil (Manaus–North; Salvador–Northeast; Rondonópolis–Midwest and Rio de Janeiro–Southeast) and with tuberculosis in Mozambique. Haplotype T/G/G (rs1052176/rs4971072/rs11264359) was associated with leprosy susceptibility in Rio de Janeiro (OR = 2.46, p = 0.00001) and Salvador (OR = 1.57, p = 0.04), and with tuberculosis in Mozambique (OR = 1.52, p = 0.07). This haplotype downregulates PKLR expression in nerve and skin, accordingly to GTEx, and might subtly modulate ferritin and haptoglobin levels in serum. Furthermore, we observed genetic signatures of positive selection in the HCN3 gene (xpEHH>2 –recent selection) in Europe but not in Africa, involving 6 SNPs which are PKLR/HCN3 eQTLs. However, this evidence was not corroborated by the other tests (FST, Tajima’s D and iHS). Altogether, we provide evidence that a common PKLR locus in Africans contribute to mycobacterial susceptibility in African descent populations and also highlight, for first, PKLR as a susceptibility gene for leprosy and TB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations

et al. 2021

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“…Connecting historical events to the present is essential in contextualising underlying determinants of vulnerability to promote a critical politicised understanding (Diptee, 2017; Kerner, 2017; O’Connell et al, 2021). Racial discrimination can be traced back prior to capitalism's development, to colonisation, where racism had ideological prevalence legitimising slavery (Araujo, 2016; Klein and Luna, 2010). Afro-descendants were viewed as uncivilised and inferior, ascribing them a lower status that justified their exploitation and deprivation from social, economic, and political capital (Ridgeway, 2014; Shaw, 2005; Shecaira, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From chains to chainsaws: Modern slavery and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

Hobbs

2023

Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space

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Modern slavery and deforestation in Brazil are interconnected issues but have been approached by researchers and policy interventions separately. However, an emerging slavery-environment nexus is demonstrating the urgent necessity of engaging with slavery and deforestation holistically, to aid effective action. Accordingly, the research aimed to investigate the slavery-environment nexus in the Brazilian Amazon, by engaging with three core components: vulnerability to enslavement, slavery-deforestation links, and assessing labour and environmental inspections. Mixed qualitative methods revealed that proximate determinants of vulnerability (poverty, lack of access to land, lack of education and social isolation) are multifaceted and produced by underlying determinants (unequal land distribution, racial discrimination, economic globalisation and policies undermining distribution). Furthermore, slavery and deforestation were found to be organised by criminal networks in geographically isolated spaces, specifically among interconnected sectors at the bottom of the supply chain. These characteristics facilitate slavery and deforestation by lessening the risk of detection and punishment, which was compounded by the Bolsonaro government demobilising labour and environmental inspections. Alleviating vulnerability through redistributing land prevailed as a practical recommendation, however there is also need for research to engage further with the underlying determinants of vulnerability and slavery-deforestation links. Only then can slavery and deforestation be tackled holistically.

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“…These immigrants arrived from Italy, Portugal, Spain, Japan, Syria, Lebanon, and other countries. Further, more than five million enslaved Africans entered the country up until the nineteenth century, and indigenous Amerindian populations also contributed to current genetic variability (37)(38)(39). These factors led to substantial ethnical diversity, with each region possessing its own genetic profile.…”

Section: Genotype-phenotype Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutation distributions among patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia from five regions of Brazil: a systematic review

Hosomi¹,

Salles²,

Bachega³

2023

Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by CYP21A2 gene mutations, and its molecular diagnosis is widely used in clinical practice to confirm the hormonal diagnosis. Hence, considering the miscegenation of the Brazilian population, it is important to determine a mutations panel to optimise the molecular diagnosis. The objective was to review the CYP21A2 mutations' distribution among Brazilian regions. Two reviewers screened Brazilian papers up to February 2020 in five databases. The pair-wise comparison test and Holm method were used in the statistical analysis. Nine studies were selected, comprising 769 patients from all regions. Low proportion of males and salt-wasters was identified in the North and Northeast regions, although without significant difference. Large gene rearrangements also had a low frequency, except in the Center-West and South regions (p < 0.05). The most frequent mutations were p.I172N, IVS2-13A/C>G, p.V281L and p.Q318X, and significant differences in their distributions were found: p.V281L was more frequent in the Southeast and p.Q318X in the Center-West and Northeast regions (p < 0.05). Thirteen new mutations were identified in 3.8%-15.2% of alleles, being more prevalent in the North region, and six mutations presented a founder effect gene. Genotype-phenotype correlation varied from 75.9%-97.3% among regions. The low prevalence of the salt-wasting form, affected males and severe mutations in some regions indicated pitfalls in the clinical diagnosis. The good genotype-phenotype correlation confirms the usefulness of molecular diagnosis; however, the Brazilian population also presents significant prevalence of novel mutations, which should be considered for a molecular panel.

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Slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade in Brazil and Cuba from an Afro-Atlantic Perspective

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations

Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations

From chains to chainsaws: Modern slavery and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

Mutation distributions among patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia from five regions of Brazil: a systematic review

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