Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation

Brodt, Svenja; Inostroza, Marion; Niethard, Niels; Born, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.005

Cited by 115 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 289 publications

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“…We used common frequency band divisions: ‘delta’, ‘theta’, ‘alpha’, ‘beta’ and ‘low gamma’, with the additional separation of .5–1.5 and 11–17 Hz as ‘slow oscillation’ and spindle or ‘sigma’ bands, due to their relevance to the research questions, and because there is some evidence that very SOs (<1.5) are somewhat distinct in characteristics and function from 2 to 4 Hz oscillations (Brodt et al, 2023; Kim et al, 2019; Steriade et al, 1993). Note that while SOs within the .1 to .5 Hz range have been included in our SO analyses elsewhere, for example, to detect SOs or visualize time‐locked evoked responses, the 4 s epochs used for the connectivity analysis only allow us to characterize frequencies above about .25 Hz (i.e., 1/4 s); we therefore raised the filter to .5 Hz.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current work does not empirically address how generating SOs through sound stimulation causes the memory consolidation processes that have been observed in previous work (Choi et al, 2020;Harrington & Cairney, 2021;Ngo et al, 2013Ngo et al, , 2015, because we did not have a memory-related experimental manipulation. The apparently common origin of evoked and endogenous SOs in ventral frontal brain regions (Morgan et al, 2021;Riedner et al, 2011) suggests that memory consolidation processes are activated through stimulation in the same way as they occur spontaneously (see Brodt et al, 2023;Staresina et al, 2023). However, direct comparison of spontaneous versus evoked memory processes is needed to confirm this assumption.…”

Section: Limitations and Next Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sleep is a collection of neurophysiological states with several crucial functions including cleaning waste produced during wakeful activity (Hauglund et al, 2020), rescaling synapses (Blanco et al, 2015; Timofeev & Chauvette, 2017) and transforming temporarily stored memories into lasting ones in a process known as memory consolidation (Antony et al, 2019; Brodt et al, 2023; Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Klinzing et al, 2019; Schabus et al, 2004). These processes seem to rely on sleep‐specific neurophysiological events that are most often measured in electroencephalography (EEG): SOs, K‐complexes (also referred to as ‘N550–P900 complexes’ when evoked by external stimuli) and sleep spindles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study

Jourde,

Merlo,

Brooks

et al. 2023

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Closed‐loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) is a brain modulation technique in which sounds are timed to enhance or disrupt endogenous neurophysiological events. CLAS of slow oscillation up‐states in sleep is becoming a popular tool to study and enhance sleep's functions, as it increases slow oscillations, evokes sleep spindles and enhances memory consolidation of certain tasks. However, few studies have examined the specific neurophysiological mechanisms involved in CLAS, in part because of practical limitations to available tools. To evaluate evidence for possible models of how sound stimulation during brain up‐states alters brain activity, we simultaneously recorded electro‐ and magnetoencephalography in human participants who received auditory stimulation across sleep stages. We conducted a series of analyses that test different models of pathways through which CLAS of slow oscillations may affect widespread neural activity that have been suggested in literature, using spatial information, timing and phase relationships in the source‐localized magnetoencephalography data. The results suggest that auditory information reaches ventral frontal lobe areas via non‐lemniscal pathways. From there, a slow oscillation is created and propagated. We demonstrate that while the state of excitability of tissue in auditory cortex and frontal ventral regions shows some synchrony with the electroencephalography (EEG)‐recorded up‐states that are commonly used for CLAS, it is the state of ventral frontal regions that is most critical for slow oscillation generation. Our findings advance models of how CLAS leads to enhancement of slow oscillations, sleep spindles and associated cognitive benefits and offer insight into how the effectiveness of brain stimulation techniques can be improved.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Limitations and Next Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study

Jourde,

Merlo,

Brooks

et al. 2023

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…58 Additionally, benzodiazepines have been found to increase the light sleep stage (N2) while reducing deep sleep (N3 stage) and rapid eye movement (REM stage), which are essential for restorative sleep and memory consolidation. 59,60 Notably, alcohol and cannabis can also impair motor function, attention, and reaction time. 61,62 Therefore, concurrent use of benzodiazepines with alcohol or cannabis can significantly increase the risk of accidents and injuries; this hazardous use should be avoided.…”

Section: Common Causes Of Inadequate Care Of Older Adults With Late-l...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing treatment for older adults with depression

Srifuengfung,

Pennington,

Lenze

2023

Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology

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This review presents a comprehensive guide for optimizing medication management in older adults with depression within an outpatient setting. Medication optimization involves tailoring the antidepressant strategy to the individual, ensuring the administration of appropriate medications at optimal dosages. In the case of older adults, this process necessitates not only adjusting or changing antidepressants but also addressing the concurrent use of inappropriate medications, many of which have cognitive side effects. This review outlines various strategies for medication optimization in late-life depression: (1) Utilizing the full dose range of a medication to maximize therapeutic benefits and strive for remission. (2) Transitioning to alternative classes (such as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [SNRI], bupropion, or mirtazapine) when first-line treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] proves inadequate. (3) Exploring augmentation strategies like aripiprazole for treatment-resistant depression. (4) Implementing measurement-based care to help adjust treatment. (5) Sustaining an effective antidepressant strategy for at least 1 year following depression remission, with longer durations for recurrent episodes or severe presentations. (6) Safely discontinuing anticholinergic medications and benzodiazepines by employing a tapering method when necessary, coupled with counseling about the benefits of stopping them. Additionally, this article explores favorable medications for depression, as well as alternatives for managing anxiety, insomnia, allergy, overactive bladder, psychosis, and muscle spasm in order to avoid potent anticholinergics and benzodiazepines.

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“…Enhanced cognitive performance has been linked with offline activity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) 22 and rapid eye movement (REM) 23 sleep, but the most pertinent sleep stage and the circuits involved are still unclear. REM and NREM sleep have unique neurophysiological processes that impact cognition 24,25 . REM sleep is characterized by ponto-geniculo-occipital waves, theta rhythm, high acetylcholine levels, and upregulation of plasticity-related genes 26 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal coding of learned and inferred knowledge during REM & NREM sleep

Abdou

Choko

Okubo-Suzuki

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Sleep has been proposed to facilitate inference, insight, and innovative problem-solving. However, it remains unclear how and when the subconscious brain can create novel ideas. Here, we show that cortical offline, but not online, activity is essential for inference evolution and that activity during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep is sufficient to inspire inference from inadequate knowledge. In a transitive inference paradigm, mice gained the inference one day, but not shortly, after complete training. Inhibiting the neuronal computations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during post-learning sleep, but not during wakefulness, disrupted the inference without affecting the original memories. Furthermore, after insufficient learning, artificial activation of medial entorhinal cortex-ACC dialogue during only REM sleep created inferential knowledge. These findings establish causal evidence for the necessity and sufficiency of REM sleep in reorganizing existing knowledge to achieve novel inference, thereby highlighting the power of the idling brain in creativity and cognitive flexibility.

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Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation

Cited by 115 publications

References 289 publications

The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study

The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study

Optimizing treatment for older adults with depression

Prefrontal coding of learned and inferred knowledge during REM & NREM sleep

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