Sleep: A prerequisite for reflex milk ejection in the rat

Lincoln, D. W.; Hentzen, K.; Hin, T.; Schoot, P. van der; Clarke, Geoffrey D.; Summerlee, A. J. S.

doi:10.1007/bf00236736

Cited by 103 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Their sucking induces milk ejections (via oxytocin release) in the mother. However, oxytocin release in the mother cannot occur unless she is in slow wave sleep or SWS (Hofer 1984;Lincoln et al 1980;Voloscin and Tramezzani 1979). The infant, on the other hand, must be in active sleep at the point of milk ejection since it begins a pattern of rapid rhythmic sucking once the teat is engorged with milk.…”

Section: Sleep Quotas and Nursing Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rem sleep, early experience, and the development of reproductive strategies

McNamara

Dowdall

Auerbach

2002

Hum Nat

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We hypothesize that rapid eye movement or REM sleep evolved, in part, to mediate sexual/reproductive behaviors and strategies. Because development of sexual and mating strategies depends crucially on early attachment experiences, we further hypothesize that REM functions to mediate attachment processes early in life. Evidence for these hypotheses comes from (1) the correlation of REM variables with both attachment and sexual/reproductive variables; (2) attachment-related and sex-related hormonal release during REM; (3) selective activation during REM of brain sites implicated in attachment and sexual processes; (4) effects of maternal deprivation on REM; (5) effects of REM deprivation on sexual behaviors; and (6) the REM-associated sexual excitation. To explain why we find associations among REM sleep, attachment, and adult reproductive strategies, we rely on recent extensions of parent-offspring conflict theory. Using data from recent findings on genomic imprinting, Haig (2000) and others suggest that paternally expressed genes are selected to promote growth of the developing fetus/child at the expense of the mother, while maternally expressed genes counter these effects. Because developmental REM facilitates attachment-related outcomes in the child, developmental REM may be regulated by paternally expressed genes. In that case, REM

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Section: Sleep Quotas and Nursing Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rem sleep, early experience, and the development of reproductive strategies

McNamara

Dowdall

Auerbach

2002

Hum Nat

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“…1 gm/Kg ip), supplemented during suf&ery with a short-acting barbiturate (sodium methohexitone) iv. The animals were prepared for intramammary pressure recording as previously described (3), and fixed in a stereotaxic frame. Small steel screws (diameter 0.75 mm) were fixed in the skull bilaterally over the frontal cortex (2 to 3 mm anterior to bregma) for EEG recording.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, one can question whether the effects of oxytocin o n milk ejection and the EEG are linked under physiological circumstances. I n unanaesthetized rats, milk ejection is always followed by a period of arousal (3) and, although this may result from the movements of the litter, it is also possible that it results from central release of oxytocin. However, if this is the case, the mode of action appears to involve direct neuronal pathways rather than release into the ventricular system, since suckling causes n o detectable rise in CSF oxytocin (24).…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The action o f oxytocin may be restricted to neural pathways directly involved in the milk-ejection reflex, or the peptide could exert more widespread effects within the brain. One important factor which correlates with occurrence o f milk ejection in the rat i s the state o f the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) and, in the rat, milk ejection i s exclusively restricted to periods o f synchronized activity (3,4). FreundMercier and Richard (2) reported that the facilitation o f milk ejections by oxytocin was not accompanied by any changes in the cortical EEG.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Centrally Administered Oxytocin on the Association Between Cortical Electroencephalogram and Milk Ejection in the Rat

Wakerley

Foreman

Ingram

1989

J Neuroendocrinology

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The milk-ejection reflex of the rat is closely associated with synchronized activity of the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG), and the frequency of milk ejections has been shown to be greatly facilitated by central oxytocin. The following experiments were undertaken to examine the changes in the EEG during facilitation of the reflex by central oxytocin. lntracerebroventricular injection of 1 mU (2.2 ng) oxytocin during suckling caused a rapid increase in the frequency of milk ejections but no change in the predominantly synchronized pattern of the EEG. However, after a delay (11.3+0.8 min, meankSE) there appeared to be an increasing proportion of desynchronization, which correlated with cessation of the facilitated milk-ejection responses. Hence, the observed EEG desynchronization may signal activation of mechanisms inhibitory to the milk-ejection reflex.In the absence of the suckling stimulus oxytocin also caused a change to desynchronization. However, this effect was more pronounced and commenced after a much shorter latency (1.7k0.4 min, mean kSE; P

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“…lactation (20,21). The high concentrations of plasma CCK-8 during lactation may, therefore, be functionally related to these adaptations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stimulation of Maternal Behaviour in Rats with Cholecystokinin Octapeptide

Lindén

Uvnäs‐Moberg

Eneroth

et al. 1989

J Neuroendocrinology

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Research on the neuroendocrine control of maternal behaviour has concentrated on the role of ovarian and pituitary hormones (1). It is known that the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in synchronizing mother‐young interactions (2), but the possible contribution of gastrointestinal secretions to maternal behaviour has not been investigated. We show here that treatment with oestradiol benzoate (OB) in combination with cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK‐8), a duodenal peptide (3), stimulates maternal behaviour within 4 h of exposure to newborn pups in ovariectomized rats. The elevated concentrations of CCK‐8 which are found in the plasma of lactating rats may, therefore, contribute to the development and maintenance of mother‐young interactions during lactation.

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Sleep: A prerequisite for reflex milk ejection in the rat

Cited by 103 publications

References 18 publications

Rem sleep, early experience, and the development of reproductive strategies

Rem sleep, early experience, and the development of reproductive strategies

Effect of Centrally Administered Oxytocin on the Association Between Cortical Electroencephalogram and Milk Ejection in the Rat

Stimulation of Maternal Behaviour in Rats with Cholecystokinin Octapeptide

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