The histamine H 3 receptor (H 3 R) modulates the release of neurotransmitters that are involved in vigilance, cognition, and sleepwake regulation. H 3 R antagonism has been proposed as a novel approach to the treatment of cognitive and attention deficit as well as sleep disorders. It is apparent that H 3 R antagonists produce pharmacological effects in preclinical animal models across a wide dose range. Several H 3 R antagonists were reported to be effective at producing cognitive enhancing effects at low doses, while producing robust wake enhancement at higher doses. To better understand the effect of H 3 R antagonists across a broad dose range, an ex vivo receptor binding assay has been used to estimate the degree of H 3 R occupancy in vivo. The H 3 R antagonists ciproxifan, thioperamide, GSK189254 (6-[(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy]-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide hydrochloride), and ABT-239produced wake-promoting activity in vivo and a dose-dependent inhibition of H 3 R binding ex vivo. For ciproxifan, thioperamide, and GSK189254, a relatively low level of cumulative wake activity was linearly correlated with up to 80% of the receptor occupancy. In contrast, an abrupt break from linearity and a robust increase of waking activity was observed at doses that produce greater than 80% occupancy. Our results suggest a relatively small increase of waking activity at low levels of receptor occupancy that may be consistent with reported enhancement of attention and cognitive function. Robust waking activity at higher levels of H 3 R occupancy may be mechanistically different from activities at low levels of H 3 R occupancy.The neurotransmitter histamine is synthesized by neurons originating in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus. These neurons project widely throughout the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum (Brown et al., 2001). Histamine exerts its action by interacting with a group of G protein-coupled histamine receptors and plays important roles in mediating a variety of functions in the central nervous system (Brown et al., 2001). The H 3 R is presynaptically localized and functions both as an autoreceptor and a heteroreceptor by modulating the release of neurotransmitters, including histamine (Arrang et al., 1985), dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (Schlicker et al., 1994;Blandina et al., 1996;Brown et al., 2001). Activation of the H 3 R results in the inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In contrast, blockade of the H 3 R by selective antagonists or inverse agonists can reverse the histamine-mediated inhibition of neurotransmitter release. By virtue of the unique central nervous system localization of the H 3 R (Drutel et al., 2001;Leurs et al., 2005) and its ability to regulate a variety of neurotransmitters that are thought to be involved in vigilance, cognition, and wakefulness, H 3 R antagonists and inverse agonists are suggested to hold promise for a number of therapeutic applications (Hancock and Fox, 2004).Selectiv...