Sleep Apnea and Sports Performance

Emsellem, Hélène A.; Murtagh, Karen E.

doi:10.1016/j.csm.2005.01.002

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Learning and motor memory are associated with slow-wave sleep, REM sleep [20][21][22] and sleep spindles [23] during the night, and result in overnight systems-level plastic reorganization within the brain, including increased activation in the primary motor cortex [24]. Nishida and Walker [23] have found that motor skill improvements are significantly associated with stage-2 non-REM sleep (r = 0.55, p = 0.04), and also with the density (r = 0.65, p = 0.01) and power (r = 0.57, p = 0.04) of locally expressed sleep spindles-a defining electrophysiological signature of non-REM sleep involving short (&1 s) synchronous bursts of activity (12)(13)(14)(15). Walker et al [24] have reported a systems-level change in the functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning of a learned motor-sequence task after a night of sleep (8.1 ± 0.8 h).…”

Section: Sleep and Recoverymentioning

confidence: 94%

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Stress, Sleep and Recovery in Elite Soccer: A Critical Review of the Literature

et al. 2015

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In elite soccer, players are frequently exposed to various situations and conditions that can interfere with sleep, potentially leading to sleep deprivation. This article provides a comprehensive and critical review of the current available literature regarding the potential acute and chronic stressors (i.e., psychological, sociological and physiological stressors) placed on elite soccer players that may result in compromised sleep quantity and/or quality. Sleep is an essential part of the recovery process as it provides a number of important psychological and physiological functions. The effects of sleep disturbance on post-soccer match fatigue mechanisms and recovery time course are also described. Physiological and cognitive changes that occur when competing at night are often not conducive to sleep induction. Although the influence of high-intensity exercise performed during the night on subsequent sleep is still debated, environmental conditions (e.g., bright light in the stadium, light emanated from the screens) and behaviours related to evening soccer matches (e.g., napping, caffeine consumption, alcohol consumption) as well as engagement and arousal induced by the match may all potentially affect subsequent sleep. Apart from night soccer matches, soccer players are subjected to inconsistency in match schedules, unique team schedules and travel fatigue that may also contribute to the sleep debt. Sleep deprivation may be detrimental to the outcome of the recovery process after a match, resulting in impaired muscle glycogen repletion, impaired muscle damage repair, alterations in cognitive function and an increase in mental fatigue. The role of sleep in recovery is a complex issue, reinforcing the need for future research to estimate the quantitative and qualitative importance of sleep and to identify influencing factors. Efficient and individualised solutions are likely needed.

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Section: Sleep and Recoverymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Only the effects of travel fatigue encountered during domestic flights on sleep are addressed. Additionally, it is not the aim of the present review to assess the effects of terrestrial altitude on sleep [10], Ramadan [11,12], disturbed sleep and nightmares before competition [13,14] or sleep apnea [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress, Sleep and Recovery in Elite Soccer: A Critical Review of the Literature

et al. 2015

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“…The negative effects of travel across multiple time zones on sleep [28] and related sleep hygiene strategies are not addressed in the present review as travel of this nature is limited in European domestic leagues or UEFA Champions League. Additionally, it is not the aim of the present review to assess the effects and related sleep hygiene strategies of terrestrial altitude on sleep [29], Ramadan [30], disturbed sleep and nightmares before competition [31], or sleep apnea [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep Hygiene and Recovery Strategies in Elite Soccer Players

Nédélec

Halson²,

Delecroix

et al. 2015

Sports Med

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In elite soccer, players are frequently exposed to various situations and conditions that can interfere with sleep (e.g., playing night matches interspersed with 3 days; performing activities demanding high levels of concentration close to bedtime; use of products containing caffeine or alcohol in the period preceding bedtime; regular daytime napping throughout the week; variable wake-up times or bedtime), potentially leading to sleep deprivation. We outline simple, practical, and pharmaceutical-free sleep strategies that are coordinated to the constraints of elite soccer in order to promote sleep. Sleep deprivation is best alleviated by sleep extension; however, sleep hygiene strategies (i.e., consistent sleep pattern, appropriate napping, and active daytime behaviors) can be utilized to promote restorative sleep. Light has a profound impact on sleep, and sleep hygiene strategies that support the natural environmental light-dark cycle (i.e., red-light treatment prior to sleep, dawn-simulation therapy prior to waking) and prevent cycle disruption (i.e., filtering short wavelengths prior to sleep) may be beneficial to elite soccer players. Under conditions of inordinate stress, techniques such as brainwave entrainment and meditation are promising sleep-promoting strategies, but future studies are required to ascertain the applicability of these techniques to elite soccer players. Consuming high-electrolyte fluids such as milk, high-glycemic index carbohydrates, some forms of protein immediately prior to sleep, as well as tart cherry juice concentrate and tryptophan may promote rehydration, substrate stores replenishment, muscle-damage repair and/or restorative sleep. The influence of cold water immersion performed close to bedtime on subsequent sleep is still debated. Conversely, the potential detrimental effects of sleeping medication must be recognized. Sleep initiation is influenced by numerous factors, reinforcing the need for future research to identify such factors. Efficient and individualized sleep hygiene strategies may consequently be proposed.

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“…Enhanced performance in sports, hobbies, social, and professional endeavors should be investigated as possible motivators to improve receptiveness to and adherence with treatment. 26,27 Golf performance, as defined by the HI, appears to improve in a number of subjects related to treatment of their OSAS. It is possible that other discrete aspects of performance enhancement, particularly in work and social environments, may be realized when OSA is successfully treated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%