Sleep Disorders as a Mediator Between Socioeconomic Status and Health Outcomes: A Review of Differents Theories

Abstract

The variations in socioeconomic status (SES) between different social classes of a population correspond to differences in accessibility to all resources available and able to improve global health. While SES is now known as one of the main determinants for a good health and a good aging, its influence on sleep disorders (SD) is not well understood. SES is a concept, not directly observable but estimated using indicators like income, education, occupational status and area of living. This theoretical review explores some theories linking environment of people with occurrence of SD, with different patterns associated to SES. A model of interaction is proposed to summarize and conceptualizes these interactions and to promote more research on the topic. ) 90 . The main confounding factor in this relation is age, which increase for every human and create conditions for chronic diseases, regardless of SES 89,91 . Lo and Lee explored SD among seniors by investigating the prevalence of poor sleep quality, the relationship between sleep quality and health-related quality of life, and associated factors of good sleepers in different age group. They conclude on a negative association between poor quality and short-term sleep with a healthy quality of life and stated that such association worsens with aging 92 . Similar conclusions for Green et al. who studied patterns of insomnia symptoms as people age and examines how they vary according to gender and profession, using data of three cohorts followed for 20 years. They found that chronic symptoms of insomnia -expressed by difficulties in maintaining and initiating sleep-are influenced by social factors (Green et al., 2012). Sleep disturbances appear, regardless of context, associated to SES. Sleep disorders is the result of allostatic load and in the same time the predicting sign that an individual reach his social resilience limit, as depicted in the following model ( Figure 1). Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 10 December 2018 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED |

Insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, anxiety, depression and socioeconomic status among customer service employees in Canada

“…Regarding anxiety and depression, few studies reported influence of type of work and type of shift on neuropsychiatric outcomes (Averina et al, 2005; Harris et al, 2010). The present study is the first which reports prevalence and proportion of anxiety and depression in a population of customer service employees, and also confirms the existence of a strong relation between socioeconomic status and mood disorders in line with few articles reporting possible relation between socioeconomic status and health (Mulatu and Schooler, 2002; Averina et al, 2005; Phelan et al, 2010; Hawkley et al, 2011; McEwen, 2017; Etindele Sosso et al, 2018a; Etindele Sosso et al, 2018b; Etindele Sosso and Papadopoulos, 2018; Etindele et al, 2019; Sosso et al, 2019). The present study alerts on the potential effect of working full time in a call center as a risk factor for neuropsychiatric illnesses.…”

“…The results also question the role of the duration in position and socioeconomic status as risk factors for neuropsychiatric diseases for customer service employees. While social factors and sociodemographic factors may influence health in general (Adler et al, 2000; Contoyannis and Jones, 2004; Chen et al, 2005; Assari et al, 2016; Etindele Sosso and Papadopoulos, 2018; Sosso et al, 2019) and even if evidence exists on their key role as mediators between socioeconomic status and health (MULATU and SCHOOLER, 1999; Contoyannis and Jones, 2004; Phelan et al, 2010; Hawkley et al, 2011; Chen et al, 2013; El-Sheikh et al, 2013; Grandner et al, 2013); nobody really investigated how people working in such field are exposed to chronic stress, and current literature contains no data on employee’s health of this sector. The present paper draws an interesting profile in terms of age, education, socioeconomic status, immigration status and duration in position; of people working in customer service in Canada.…”