Sleep Disturbance, Psychiatric Issues, and Employment Status of Iranian People Living with HIV

Abstract

Objectives. Psychiatric problems and sleep disturbance among people living with HIV (PLWH) are associated with response to treatment, prognosis, and high-risk behaviors. We aimed to assess sleep disorders, psychiatric characteristics, and employment status among Iranian PLWH. Results. In total, 304 patients with a mean age of 40.01 (SD=9.60) years participated in the study. About 72% of the participants had a global PSQI score of more than 5, with a mean of 7.71 (SD=3.31). About 55.6%, 50%, and 67.4% of patients had abnormal scores for depression, anxiety, and stress. Unemployed patients had 2.13 times more chance (95% CI: 1.01-4.53) of having poor sleep quality compared to employed patients, and stress increased its likelihood by 3.18 times (95% C: 1.47-5.88).

Sleep Disturbance in the Context of HIV: A Concept Analysis

“…The third antecedent, physical symptoms, includes fatigue (Chenxi et al, 2019; Han et al, 2021; Voss et al, 2021), pain (Nogueira et al, 2019; Redman et al, 2018; Sabin et al, 2020), apnea (Chen et al, 2021; Gutierrez et al, 2019), gastrointestinal symptoms (Nogueira et al, 2019), and nocturnal sweats (Thorarinsdottir et al, 2019). The fourth antecedent of sleep disturbance is the side effects of the ARV therapy (González-Tomé et al, 2018; Ren et al, 2018; Shikuma et al, 2018; Venkataraman et al, 2021), and the fifth antecedent is social factors, including family and social support (Bedaso et al, 2020; Ren et al, 2018), internalized HIV stigma (Fekete et al, 2018), unsatisfactory lifestyles (dos Santos et al, 2018), low-income (Yan et al, 2021), unemployment (Najafi et al, 2021), and behavioral risk factors (Costa et al, 2019; Downing et al, 2020; Ogunbajo et al, 2020).…”