Sleep EEG Studies in Untreated, Long-Term Schizophrenic Patients

Jus, Karolina

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200030074011

Cited by 87 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Jus et al (32) found no difference between chronic, unmedicated, elderly and old schizophrenic patients and age-matched controls. The finding of more SWS in a subgroup of latent schizophrenic patients than in schizoaffective cases (33) may have been due to an age difference between these groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Significance of Slow Wave Sleep: Considerations from a Clinical Viewpoint

Spiegel¹,

Köberle

Allen

1986

Sleep

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Summary: Previous experimental observations, almost exclusively carried out with young healthy subjects, have been interpreted as showing a particular restorative role for human slow wave sleep (SWS). This article considers whether findings from polygraphic sleep studies in patients and elderly subjects lead to similar inferences about the meaning or "function" of SWS. The question was approached in three different ways: (a) by presenting results from a long-term study in elderly subjects whose SWS data were correlated with baseline medical and psychometric findings and with 5-year follow-up results; (b) by correlating nonmanipulated wake-time during days with parameters of SWS on subsequent nights in a group of 30 demented inpatients undergoing 72-h continuous sleepwake recording; (c) by reviewing and comparing published polygraphic sleep studies for a number of psychiatric conditions. None of these three approaches provided unequivocal evidence for a clinically significant role for SWS. Reasons for the different outcome of SWS studies in young experimental subjects and clinical populations are discussed. Key Words: Slow wave sleep-Sleep stagesSleep and old age-Dementia.The significance or meaning of polygraphically defined sleep stages in humans has been discussed ever since their description in terms of electroencephalographic patterns (1) and following the discovery of REM sleep (2). Whereas REM sleep was related to dreaming and connections to psychological and psychopathological parameters were soon established, interest in slow wave sleep (SWS) emerged somewhat later. Experiments in young volunteers (3) supported earlier observations (4) that SWS denoted particularly "deep" sleep, as measured by the stimulus intensity needed to awaken a sleeping subject. Other findings, such as the occurrence of SWS in the first few hours of sleep and its increase as a function of previous time awake, e.g., after sleep deprivation, led to the assumption that SWS serves for physical restoration or, put more cautiously, that SWS marks a time in which restorative processes of the organism are taking place.The discovery that the anabolic growth hormone is excreted mainly during SWS (5) supported the restoration hypothesis of SWS. This was further expanded by Oswald (6) and Adam (7), who adduced biological data to show that the purpose of sleep, and particularly SWS, was for tissue repair and growth. On the other hand, not all studies involving

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Significance of Slow Wave Sleep: Considerations from a Clinical Viewpoint

Spiegel¹,

Köberle

Allen

1986

Sleep

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“…Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in wakesleep control, including hypervigilance; decreased slow wave sleep, especially deep sleep stages; increased REM sleep drive; and fragmented sleep (Caldwell and Domino 1967;Feinberg et al 1969;Itil et al 1972;Jus et al 1973;Zarcone et al 1975). These wake-sleep abnormalities reflect increased vigilance and REM sleep drive, i.e., overactive RAS output.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus by neuronal calcium sensor protein-1: relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

D’Onofrio

Kezunovic

Hyde

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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D'Onofrio S, Kezunovic N, Hyde JR, Luster B, Messias E, Urbano FJ, Garcia-Rill E. Modulation of gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus by neuronal calcium sensor protein-1: relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Neurophysiol 113: 709 -719, 2015. First published November 5, 2014 doi:10.1152/jn.00828.2014.-Reduced levels of gamma-band activity are present in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. In the same disorders, increased neuronal calcium sensor protein-1 (NCS-1) expression was reported in a series of postmortem studies. These disorders are also characterized by sleep dysregulation, suggesting a role for the reticular activating system (RAS). The discovery of gamma-band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the cholinergic arm of the RAS, revealed that such activity was mediated by high-threshold calcium channels that are regulated by NCS-1. We hypothesized that NCS-1 normally regulates gamma-band oscillations through these calcium channels and that excessive levels of NCS-1, such as would be expected with overexpression, decrease gammaband activity. We found that PPN neurons in rat brain slices manifested gamma-band oscillations that were increased by low levels of NCS-1 but suppressed by high levels of NCS-1. Our results suggest that NCS-1 overexpression may be responsible for the decrease in gamma-band activity present in at least some schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients.

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“…Psychiatric conditions with short REM latency Short REM latency (the time between the onset of sleep and the first REM period) has been well documented in patients with major depressive disorders (Kupfer, 1976;Gillin, 1982). It has also been observed in some patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia (Stern et al 1969;Jus et al 1973), anorexia nervosa (Neil et al 1980), obsessive-compulsive disorders (Rapoport et al 1981;Insel et al 1982), and pain syndromes (Blumer et al 1982).…”

Section: Implications and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep: cholinergic mechanisms

Gillin¹,

Sitaram²

1984

Psychol. Med.

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EDITORIALRapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep: cholinergic mechanisms 1 Otto Loewe conceived of the experiment that led to the discovery of Vagusstoff or acetylcholine during a dream. As this review will attempt to show, it is likely that acetylcholine, acting as a neurotransmitter on a muscarinic synapse within the dorsal tegmentum of the pons, triggered the dream that resulted in its own discovery.Evidence for the involvement of acetylcholine with Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep comes both from human and animal studies. REM sleep is a complicated state, involving, on the psychological level, dreaming, and, on the physiological, activation of the EEG, bursts of rapid eye movements, atonia of the major antigravity muscles, monophasic waves in the pontine, geniculate and occipital areas (PGO spikes), hippocampal theta waves, variability of autonomic functioning, and increased firing rates of most central neurones (with notable exceptions, to be mentioned later). There is also a circadian propensity to REM sleep in man and many mammals. Acetylcholine may be involved in nearly all aspects of REM sleep. ANIMAL STUDIESSix different types of data from animal studies suggest that acetylcholine plays an important role in REM sleep.

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Sleep EEG Studies in Untreated, Long-Term Schizophrenic Patients

Cited by 87 publications

References 23 publications

Significance of Slow Wave Sleep: Considerations from a Clinical Viewpoint

Significance of Slow Wave Sleep: Considerations from a Clinical Viewpoint

Modulation of gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus by neuronal calcium sensor protein-1: relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep: cholinergic mechanisms

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