Sleep Problems and Their Relationship to Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes in Young Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

This study examined the effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children on sleep problems and the relationship of sleep problems to neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning. Participants were drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study of injury in young children recruited from 3 to 6 years of age. They constituted three groups: orthopedic injury (OI; n = 92), complicated mild/moderate TBI (mTBI; n = 55); and severe TBI (sTBI; n = 20). Caregivers completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), as well as ratings of behavioral adjustment, adaptive functioning, and everyday executive function at 1, 6, 12, and 18 months postinjury. Retrospective ratings of preinjury sleep and psychosocial functioning were obtained at the initial assessment. Children completed neuropsychological testing at all occasions. Children with complicated mTBI demonstrated more total sleep problems than children with OI at 6 months postinjury, but not at 12 or 18 months. Children with sTBI displayed more bedtime resistance and shorter sleep duration than those with complicated mTBI or OI at several occasions. Across groups, total sleep problems predicted more emotional and behavioral problems and worse everyday executive function as rated by parents across follow-up occasions. In contrast, sleep problems were generally not related to neuropsychological test performance. The results suggest that young children with TBI demonstrate more sleep problems than children with injuries not involving the head. Sleep problems, in turn, significantly increase the risk of poor psychosocial outcomes across time, but are not associated with worse neuropsychological test performance.

Lipid Profile and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Adult Candidates for Lumbar Disc Degenerative Disease Surgery

“…In addition to loading mechanical pressure on lumbar vertebra [13,14], overweight and obesity are effective in degenerative disc diseases, through biochemical changes [10], effects on lipid profile, vascular and metabolic diseases [8,10], and other known mechanisms. The results of the present study on the lack of physical activity in the subjects under study are in line with the results of the studies by Hengei et al [7], Daneshjoo and colleagues [26], and disagrees with the results of the studies by Stephen et al [27] and Takatalo et al [17] about sport exercises and DD. The results of some studies suggest that regular and continuous physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases more effectively compared to sport exercise [8,27].…”

“…The results of the present study on the lack of physical activity in the subjects under study are in line with the results of the studies by Hengei et al [7], Daneshjoo and colleagues [26], and disagrees with the results of the studies by Stephen et al [27] and Takatalo et al [17] about sport exercises and DD. The results of some studies suggest that regular and continuous physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases more effectively compared to sport exercise [8,27].…”

“…In a demographic study conducted by Stephen Pye et al to investigate the effects of lifestyle factors on DD, no significant effect of smoking was observed on peoples' LDD radiographic features [27]. A study by Liuke et al on 129 middle-aged men showed no significant relationship between smoking and the prevalence of DD [6].…”

Making Waves in the Brain: What Are Oscillations, and Why Modulating Them Makes Sense for Brain Injury

“…These failures of information processing consolidate into deficiencies in verbal and visual memory, episodic memory, multitasking, executive function and cognition (Levin et al, 1988b ; Hanks et al, 1999 ; Millis et al, 2001 ; Alvarez et al, 2003 ; Bales et al, 2009 ; Bootes and Chapparo, 2010 ; McCauley et al, 2014 ; Mäki-Marttunen et al, 2015 ). Deficits in higher order information processing are compounded by sleep-wake disturbances (Kempf et al, 2010 ; Shay et al, 2014 ; Skopin et al, 2015 ). TBI patients report a range of sleep-related disorders including difficulty falling asleep, more nighttime awakenings and daytime naps, increased fatigue, and prolonged sleep (Parcell et al, 2006 ; Kempf et al, 2010 ; Mathias and Alvaro, 2012 ).…”

Identification of Imaging and Clinical Markers Predicting Chronic Sleep Disturbances After Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults

“…Furthermore, the relationship between Post-Taumatic Psychiatric Disorders (PTPDs) and the various types of consistent PTSWDs is unclear. Moreover, post-TBI sleep disorders negatively impact the cognitive and emotional functions [17,24]. As one of the risk factors for chronic traumatic encephalopathy, PTSWDs contribute to the onset and exacerbation of symptoms, including poor cognition, aggression, and impulsivity [25,26].…”