Sleep problems associated with ADHD: a review of current therapeutic options and recommendations for the future

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sleep problems associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The etiology of these sleep problems is multifactorial. In this paper, we review the current literature on the treatment of the most common disorders or factors underlying sleep problems associated with ADHD. In particular, we focus on the management of sleep problems associated with ADHD medications, restless legs syndrome, excessive nocturnal motricity in sleep, sleep disordered breathing, sleep-onset insomnia and psychiatric comorbidities associated with ADHD. Given the paucity of randomized, controlled, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies, it is hoped that this review will encourage further methodologically sound studies in order to be able to develop treatment guidelines.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Looked-After Children: a Systematic Review of the Literature

“…With an estimated worldwide prevalence of around 5% [2], ADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders. ADHD is frequently comorbid with other conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, specific learning disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, sleep disturbances and other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder [3][4][5][6][7][8], as well as with somatic conditions such as obesity [6,9,10].…”

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes

“…Thus, disturbed sleep may be a target for behavioral intervention for some children to address inability to settle, family conflict around bedtime, excessive energy in the evening, or related behavior inputs. Clinical suggestions along these lines are provided in more detail by Lecendreux and Cortese (2007).…”

Does Restless Legs Syndrome increase cardiovascular risk in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

“…Evidences from the literature suggest a possible association between ADHD and RLS/PLMS symptoms [1,19,20]. Of note, an increase in PLMS number was the only significant polysomnographic finding emerging from a meta-analysis of sleep studies in children with ADHD [19].…”