Sleep Quality in a Case-control Subset of Trisomy 21 and Typically Developing Children in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Aim: To identify sleep-domains as well as clinical features in children with trisomy 21 that may shed light on a possible sleep disturbance as compared with typically developing (TD) age-matched-controls. Materials and methods: A convenient sample of 100 Saudi Arabian children between the ages of 3-12 were invited to participate from several schools and centers in Riyadh during February 2018 to April 2018. Fifty of these children had trisomy 21, and 50 were TD age-matched-controls. A clinical examination of participants' oral characteristics as well as the Wisconsin's 22 item Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) were utilized to help identify the impact of these variables on sleep quality. Results: Sleep domains that harbored strong evidence in differences between the two groups were sleep anxiety, parasomnia, and sleepdisordered-breathing. The clinical features unique to trisomy 21 were Mallampati score, macroglossia, lip-incompetence, tongue-ridging, and wear-facets. Conclusion: Clinical features and sleep quality coexist, providing better insight into the degree of sleep disturbance a child with trisomy 21 may have. Clinical significance: Dental clinicians must consider such factors that preclude to poor sleep, which might place children with trisomy 21 at a further disadvantage despite the fact that their baseline is already at risk of being at such a stage.

Behavioural sleep problems in children and adults with intellectual disabilities: An integrative literature review

“…In addition, specific genetic conditions have been linked to a predisposition for sleep disturbance. Genetic conditions linked to sleep disturbances include people with Down's Syndrome with and without obstructive sleep apnoea (Al‐Khudhairy et al, 2019; Bassell et al, 2015; Chawla, Howard, et al, 2021; Esbensen et al, 2018; Heubi et al, 2021; Stores, 2019; Worley et al, 2015), Tuberous sclerosis complex (Trickett et al, 2018), Mowat–Wilson Syndrome (Di Pisa et al, 2019; Evans et al, 2016), Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (Zambrelli et al, 2016), Angelman syndrome (den Bakker et al, 2018; den Bestern et al, 2021; Levin et al, 2022; Pearson et al, 2018; Trickett et al, 2018), Smith‐Magenis syndrome (Mullegama et al, 2015; Rive Le Gouard et al, 2021; Smith et al, 2019; Trickett et al, 2020), Fragile X syndrome (Budimirovic et al, 2022; Mullegama et al, 2015). In addition to rare conditions which are linked to sleep disturbances such as Christianson Syndrome (Gruber et al, 2022), Dup15q Syndrome (Barstein et al, 2021), Pallister‐Killian Syndrome (Fetta et al, 2022), Phelan‐McDermid Syndrome and SYNGAP1‐ID (Smith‐Hicks et al, 2021), MBD5‐associated neurodevelopmental disorder (Gandhi et al, 2021), Arboleda‐Tham syndrome (Smith & Harris, 2021), Bosch‐Boonstra‐Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome (Rech et al, 2020) and emerging genetic variants including microdeletion syndrome at 2q22.1q22.3 and de novo DDX3X variants (Chen et al, 2020; Verhoeven et al, 2020).…”