Sleep Quality of Covid-19 Recovered Patients in India

Abstract

Objective: The second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in India was widespread and caused psychological distress among the citizens. Hospitals were running at a premium, increasing deaths and trepidation stories were on air by media, this generated sleep disturbances for many. This study aimed to examine the sleep quality of Covid-19 recovered patients in India during the second wave of the pandemic. Methods: Patients who had recently recovered from Covid-19 were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study using various social media platforms. An online survey questionnaire, including socio-demographics, health-related information, Covid-19 related information, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), was administered in June 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the scores among the mild, moderate, and severe groups. ANOVA was used to find the difference between the groups for global PSQI scores. Results: A total of 311 participants (261 mild, 45 moderate, and 5 severe) provided usable responses. The Global PSQI score for the overall study sample was 8.22 ± 3.79. In the severe group, scores were higher 16.8 ± 2.59, and statistically significant from mild or moderate groups. Sleep quality of Covid-19 recovered patients was found to be statistically significantly different based on their gender ( P < .001), annual income ( P < .001), employment status ( P < .001), and marital status ( P < .001). Conclusion: Females, employment in the private sector, annual income below rupees 11 lakh, and unmarried Covid-19 recovered patients reported poor sleep quality. As our findings indicate poor sleep quality among the Covid-19 recovered patients during the second wave in India, designing psychological interventions is recommended to support their wellbeing post-recovery.

Association of sleep quality with fatigue in post Covid-19 patients in an Indian population

“…Higher PSQI scores indicated poorer sleep quality. The high prevalence of sleep disturbance among COVID-19– and long COVID cases observed in this series is similar to the observations reported in previous studies 3,10–12 . This study observed a 43.3% prevalence of poor sleep among COVID-19–recovered patients, the mean global PSQI score observed by us (5.7 ± 5.1) being much lower than that reported by El Sayed et al 21 (15.4 ± 4.4) in a cohort of Egyptian post–COVID-19 patients.…”

“…In the Indian context, another study reported a higher mean global PSQI score (8.2 ± 3.8) in COVID-19–recovered cases compared with the mean global PSQI score of the present series 11 . Plausible causes may lie in the fact that in the present study, 47.6% of patients were middle-aged and older, while 70% of the study participants in the previously mentioned series were in the age group of 21–40 yrs 11 . The present study observed maximum sleep disturbance in patients with long COVID (>12-wk duration) (Table 2).…”

“…11 Plausible causes may lie in the fact that in the present study, 47.6% of patients were middle-aged and older, while 70% of the study participants in the previously mentioned series were in the age group of 21-40 yrs. 11 The present study observed maximum sleep disturbance in patients with long COVID (>12-wk duration) (Table 2). Chhajer and Shukla 11 included 22.2% of patients with a duration more than 60 days and how many of them were experiencing long COVID (beyond 12 wks) is not mentioned.…”

“…The present study observed maximum sleep disturbance in patients with long COVID (>12-wk duration) (Table 2). Chhajer and Shukla 11 included 22.2% of patients with a duration more than 60 days and how many of them were experiencing long COVID (beyond 12 wks) is not mentioned.…”

“…In India, a study was conducted through an online survey using various social media platforms on patients who recently recovered from COVID-19. Poor sleep quality was reported in 78.8% of the study population 11 . However, the pandemic itself was a cause of stress and sleep disturbance even in persons who were not infected with COVID-19 virus.…”