Sleeping Sickness: A Tale of Two Clocks

Rijo‐Ferreira, Filipa; Takahashi, Joseph S.

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.525097

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…T. brucei is also distinct from other infections, which tend to increase sleep (Krueger and Opp, 2016;Tesoriero et al, 2019). How the T. brucei parasite produces these specific alterations to the sleep system remains an open question (Lundkvist et al, 2004;Rijo-Ferreira and Takahashi, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleeping Sickness Disrupts the Sleep-Regulating Adenosine System

et al. 2020

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Patients with sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, have disruptions in both sleep timing and sleep architecture. However, the underlying cause of these sleep disturbances is not well understood. Here, we assessed the sleep architecture of male mice infected with T. brucei and found that infected mice had drastically altered sleep patterns. Interestingly, T. brucei-infected mice also had a reduced homeostatic sleep response to sleep deprivation, a response modulated by the adenosine system. We found that infected mice had a reduced electrophysiological response to an adenosine receptor antagonist and increased adenosine receptor gene expression. Although the mechanism by which T. brucei infection causes these changes remains to be determined, our findings suggest that the symptoms of sleeping sickness may be because of alterations in homeostatic adenosine signaling.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleeping Sickness Disrupts the Sleep-Regulating Adenosine System

et al. 2020

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“…Trypanosoma and Leishmania belong to the Kinetoplastida in the super group of Excavata, which Trichomonas and Giardia also belong to, and include a number of species that can cause diseases in humans and animals. The Trypanosoma brucei group causes African sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle, while Trypanosoma cruzi causes American trypanosomiasis, Chagas’ disease, in humans, and is endemic in Central and South America [ 75 , 76 ]. A complex of Leishmania species is responsible for visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in human worldwide [ 77 , 78 , 79 ].…”

Section: Trogocytosis In Parasitic Protistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trogocytosis in Unicellular Eukaryotes

Nakada‐Tsukui

Nozaki

2021

Cells

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Trogocytosis is a mode of internalization of a part of a live cell by nibbling and is mechanistically distinct from phagocytosis, which implies internalization of a whole cell or a particle. Trogocytosis has been demonstrated in a broad range of cell types in multicellular organisms and is also known to be involved in a plethora of functions. In immune cells, trogocytosis is involved in the “cross-dressing” between antigen presenting cells and T cells, and is thus considered to mediate intercellular communication. On the other hand, trogocytosis has also been reported in a variety of unicellular organisms including the protistan (protozoan) parasite Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica ingests human T cell line by trogocytosis and acquires complement resistance and cross-dresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the cell surface. Furthermore, trogocytosis and trogocytosis-like phenomena (nibbling of a live cell, not previously described as trogocytosis) have also been reported in other parasitic protists such as Trichomonas, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and free-living amoebae. Thus, trogocytosis is conserved in diverse eukaryotic supergroups as a means of intercellular communication. It is depicting the universality of trogocytosis among eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of trogocytosis in unicellular organisms, including the history of its discovery, taxonomical distribution, roles, and molecular mechanisms.

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“…In sleeping sickness, parasites initially can be detected in the bloodstream and interstitial spaces of several organs. After that, the parasites can potentially invade the central nervous system, indicating the start of the late stage (Rijo-Ferreira and Takahashi 2020 ). Another parasitic infectious disease, Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is a chronic infection caused by T. cruzi .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The host mTOR pathway and parasitic diseases pathogenesis

et al. 2021

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The mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is considered as a critical regulatory enzyme involved in essential signaling pathways affecting cell growth, cell proliferation, protein translation, regulation of cellular metabolism, and cytoskeletal structure. Also, mTOR signaling has crucial roles in cell homeostasis via processes such as autophagy. Autophagy prevents many pathogen infections and is involved on immunosurveillance and pathogenesis. Immune responses and autophagy are therefore key host responses and both are linked by complex mTOR regulatory mechanisms. In recent years, the mTOR pathway has been highlighted in different diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and infectious and parasitic diseases including leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. The current review underlines the implications of mTOR signals and intricate networks on pathogen infections and the modulation of this master regulator by parasites. Parasitic infections are able to induce dynamic metabolic reprogramming leading to mTOR alterations in spite of many other ways impacting this regulatory network. Accordingly, the identification of parasite effects and interactions over such a complex modulation might reveal novel information regarding the biology of the abovementioned parasites and might allow the development of therapeutic strategies against parasitic diseases. In this sense, the effects of inhibiting the mTOR pathways are also considered in this context in the light of their potential for the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases.

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Sleeping Sickness: A Tale of Two Clocks

Cited by 22 publications

References 89 publications

Sleeping Sickness Disrupts the Sleep-Regulating Adenosine System

Sleeping Sickness Disrupts the Sleep-Regulating Adenosine System

Trogocytosis in Unicellular Eukaryotes

The host mTOR pathway and parasitic diseases pathogenesis

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