Sliding of detonation and shock waves over liquid surfaces

Detonation and Transition to Detonation in Partially Water-Filled Pipes

“…This is consistent with the experimental observations reported in [6][7][8]. The work of Akbar and Shepherd [8] is particularly useful since the dimensions, liquid, and detonation speeds from that experiment are quite close to those in the present study.…”

“…The incident detonation produces an initially compressive wave in the Water, which alternates between compression and expansion as it reflects off of the water surface and the bottom of the pipe. Such wave patterns below the water have been observed photographically in both [ 6] and [8].…”

“…ward (frames [4][5][6]. In frames 7-8, the two wall shocks cross and merge to form a single, horseshoe-shaped, expanding shock wave which decreases in strength as it expands.…”

“…[6][7][8] (test data and pressure traces for other water heights not plotted here are available in [ 17]). The period of the pressure spikes appears to vary proportionally with water depth, as anticipated based on the explanations above.…”

“…Borisov photographed detonations passing over liquid surfaces for several different liquids, and was able to observe the wave reflections below the water as well as the breakup of the gas-liquid interface [6]. More recently, Teodorczyk and Shepherd [7] used both shadow graph and direct photography to study shock waves (Mach numbers 1.3 -2.4) passing over water layers in a square channel.…”