“…Manufacturing ceramic coatings with high wear-, corrosionresistance is important for many industrial processing applications [2,3]. As a mature technology, thermal spraying process has been widely used to deposit ceramic coatings on different metals, such as steels [4,5,6], irons [7], aluminium alloys [8], superalloys [9] to protect the substrate from wear [10,11], corrosion [12], thermal fatigue [13] and cavitation erosion [14] for a long service life. Oxide ceramics, due to their excellent properties including high hardness, high chemical inertness [13,14] in a variety of aggressive environments [15], and good wear resistance, are promising candidates as corrosion-resistant coatings in industrial applications, although there are some inevitable defects in the coatings [16,17].…”