Slip-Rate Measurements on the Karakorum Fault May Imply Secular Variations in Fault Motion

Chevalier, Marie‐Luce; Ryerson, F. J.; Tapponnier, Paul; Finkel, Robert C.; Woerd, J. van der; Li, Haibing; Liu, Qing

doi:10.1126/science.1105466

Cited by 199 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This implies that only the oldest boulder ages should be used to conservatively assess moraine age and in this case the slip rate would concur with that of Brown et al (2002) and the published geodetic rates. Although Chevalier et al (2005) conceded that interpretation of a dispersed dataset is complex, and that the degree to which surface exposure ages are affected by surface reworking is 'not solidly established', they concluded that their glaciotectonic model represents the simplest and most likely interpretation.…”

Section: Quaternary and Holocene Offsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, Chevalier et al (2005) suggested a slip rate of 10.7 AE 0.7 mm a À1 based upon 10 Be dating of quartz cobbles taken from offset glacial moraines. By deriving both a surface age and a displacement they concluded that, as the millenial slip rate is an order of magnitude greater than that determined by InSAR (Wright et al 2004), then it implies secular variation in slip.…”

Section: Quaternary and Holocene Offsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

Searle

Elliott

Phillips

et al. 2011

JGS

240

154

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Crustal shortening and thickening to c. 70-85 km in the Tibetan Plateau occurred both before and mainly after the c. 50 Ma India-Asia collision. Potassic-ultrapotassic shoshonitic and adakitic lavas erupted across the Qiangtang (c. 50-29 Ma) and Lhasa blocks (c. 30-10 Ma) indicate a hot mantle, thick crust and eclogitic root during that period. The progressive northward underthrusting of cold, Indian mantle lithosphere since collision shut off the source in the Lhasa block at c. 10 Ma. Late Miocene-Pleistocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks in northern Tibet require hot mantle. We review the major tectonic processes proposed for Tibet including 'rigid-block', continuum and crustal flow as well as the geological history of the major strikeslip faults. We examine controversies concerning the cumulative geological offsets and the discrepancies between geological, Quaternary and geodetic slip rates. Low present-day slip rates measured from global positioning system and InSAR along the Karakoram and Altyn Tagh Faults in addition to slow long-term geological rates can only account for limited eastward extrusion of Tibet since Mid-Miocene time. We conclude that despite being prominent geomorphological features sometimes with wide mylonite zones, the faults cut earlier formed metamorphic and igneous rocks and show limited offsets. Concentrated strain at the surface is dissipated deeper into wide ductile shear zones.

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Section: Quaternary and Holocene Offsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quaternary and Holocene Offsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

Searle

Elliott

Phillips

et al. 2011

JGS

240

154

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“…Defining the ages of landforms and sediments throughout much of the HimalayanTibetan orogen has been particularly difficult because of the Shiraiwa, 1993;Sharma and Owen, 1996;Phillips et al, 2000;Richards et al, 2000a,b;Owen et al, 2001Owen et al, , 2002aOwen et al, ,b, 2003aOwen et al, ,b,c, 2005Owen et al, , 2006aSchäfer et al, 2002;Tsukamoto et al, 2002;Yi et al, 2002;Finkel et al, 2003;Zech et al, 2003Zech et al, , 2005Barnard et al, 2004aBarnard et al, ,b, 2006aMeriaux et al, 2004;Spencer and Owen, 2004;Chevalier et al, 2005;Abramowski et al, 2006;Colgan et al, 2006;Seong et al, 2007Seong et al, , 2008a. The red dots in part (A) highlight regions where TCN surface exposure dating has been undertaken.…”

Section: Extent Of Glaciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…60 and 30 ka, and that glaciers advanced during the early to middle Holocene. A plethora of papers following this work emerged and they included distant regions throughout the HimalayanTibetan orogen (Owen et al, , 2002a(Owen et al, ,b, 2003a(Owen et al, ,b,c, 2005Schäfer et al, 2002;Finkel et al, 2003;Zech et al, 2003Zech et al, , 2005Barnard et al, 2004aBarnard et al, ,b, 2006aMeriaux et al, 2004;Chevalier et al, 2005;Abramowski et al, 2006;Seong et al, 2007Seong et al, , 2008a. summarised the TCN studies and suggested that the regional patterns and timing of glaciation reflect temporal and spatial variability in the South Asian monsoon and, in particular, in regional precipitation gradients.…”

Section: Timing Of Glaciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary glaciation of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen

Owen

Caffee

Finkel

et al. 2008

J Quaternary Science

212

143

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Glacial geological evidence from throughout the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen is examined to determine the timing and extent of late Quaternary glaciation in this region and its relation to similar changes on a global scale. The evidence summarised here supports the existence of expanded ice caps and extensive valley glacier systems throughout the region during the late Quaternary. However, it cannot yet be determined whether the timing of the extent of maximum glaciation was synchronous throughout the entire region or whether the response was more varied. The lack of organic material needed for radiocarbon dating has hindered past progress in glacial reconstruction; however, application of optically stimulated luminescence and terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclide methods has recently expanded the number of chronologies throughout the region. Limits to the precision and accuracy available with these methods and, more importantly, geological uncertainty imposed by processes of moraine formation and alteration both conspire to limit the time resolution on which correlations can be made to Milankovitch timescales (several ka). In order to put all studies on a common scale, well-dated sites have been re-evaluated and all the published terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide ages for moraine boulders and glacially eroded surfaces in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen have been recalculated. Locally detailed studies indicate that there are considerable variations in the extent of glaciation from one region to the next during a glaciation. Glaciers throughout monsoon-influenced Tibet, the Himalaya and the Transhimalaya are likely synchronous both with climate change resulting from oscillations in the South Asian monsoon and with Northern Hemisphere cooling cycles. In contrast, glaciers in Pamir in the far western regions of the Himalayan-Tibet orogen advanced asynchronously relative to the other regions that are monsooninfluenced regions and appear to be mainly in phase with the Northern Hemisphere cooling cycles. Broad patterns of local and regional variability based on equilibrium-line altitudes have yet to be fully assessed, but have the potential to help define changes in climatic gradients over time.

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“…However, these input parameters have been measured with high spatiotemporal accuracy only for the last few decades, an observation period much shorter than the recurrence interval of most faults (Yeats and Prentice, 1996). Given that slip rate and micro-seismic activity of a fault may not be constant through its seismic cycle (e.g., King and Bowman, 2003;Chevalier et al, 2005), the short observation period of these input parameters limits reliable evaluation of long-term seismic patterns. Hence, paleoseismic data spanning at least several seismic cycles becomes crucial to improve the outcomes of seismic hazard assessment analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismically-triggered organic-rich layers in recent sediments from Göllüköy Lake (North Anatolian Fault, Turkey)

Avşar

Hubert‐Ferrari

Batist

et al. 2014

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Multi-proxy analyses on the sedimentary sequence of Göllüköy Lake, which is located on the eastern North Anatolian Fault (NAF), reveals a complete and high-resolution paleoseismic record for the last 650 years. Six sedimentary events are detected in a 3.1 m-long piston core. They form distinct organic-rich intercalations within the background sedimentation, which are characterized by strong anomalies on the loss-on-ignition (LOI) and total organic carbon (TOC) profiles, as well as by lighter colours on the X-ray radiographic images. Itrax micro-XRF core scanner data are also used to contribute to the detection and characterization of the event deposits. After the detection of the sedimentary events, their temporal correlation with the earthquakes in the historical seismicity catalogue of the NAF is tested. The youngest event is dated to 1940s by using 210 Pb and 137 Cs profiles in sediment, which coincides with the 1939 earthquake (M s = 7.7) on the NAF. The ages of the older five events are determined based on radiocarbon dating and regional time-stratigraphic correlation. Radiocarbon dating on the bulk sediment samples does not provide reliable results due to hard-water effect. On the other hand, dating on charcoals, Ephippia of Daphnia and phragmite remains significantly improves the results and implies a mean sedimentation rate of 0.28 cm/yr. Based on this preliminary sedimentation rate, we show that organic matter content variations through our record correlates with the varve-based δ 18 O record of Nar Lake, which is located 350 km southwest of Göllüköy Lake. Accordingly, high-precipitation/low-evaporation climatic episodes detected in Nar Lake are represented by higher organic matter content in Göllüköy sediments. Fine-tuning the Göllüköy LOI record to the Nar δ 18 O record reveals that the ages of the sedimentary events in Göllüköy match with well-known historical earthquakes that occurred around the lake. Finally, the origin of the organic-rich intercalations is discussed based on macroscopic observations and organic geochemistry. The events are attributed to reworked organic matter eroded from the lake's littoral zone by seismically-induced water oscillations (seiche), and their subsequent deposition at the middle parts of the lake. These seismically-induced events are atypical compared to the classic earthquake-triggered sedimentary processes in lacustrine environments, which are shortly reviewed in order to emphasize the unusual Göllüköy Lake record.

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Slip-Rate Measurements on the Karakorum Fault May Imply Secular Variations in Fault Motion

Cited by 199 publications

References 20 publications

Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

Quaternary glaciation of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen

Seismically-triggered organic-rich layers in recent sediments from Göllüköy Lake (North Anatolian Fault, Turkey)

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