Slovak version of the Trail Making Test: Normative data

Málišová, Eva; Dančík, Daniel; Heretik, Anton; Abrahámová, Miroslava; Krakovská, Simona; Brandoburová, Petra

doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1890596

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Within-group test-to-test correlations were thus computed between standardized test scores of each of the 16 cognitive measures using a non-parametric version of the partial-correlation procedure, based on Spearman’s rho , controlling for age (in years) and level of education (in years). The covariates age and education were chosen to reflect two demographic factors that have been found to mediate cognitive functioning most strongly among healthy populations and as such are the basis of the majority of normative studies ( Caffarra et al, 2002 , 2003 ; Alviarez-Schulze et al, 2021 ; Hammers et al, 2021 ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Málišová et al, 2021 ). While many additional factors may have a modulatory role in cognition, the inclusion of these two variables alone allows for parsimony while still providing appropriate control over extraneous factors when assessing differences between clinical groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Graph Theory Approach to Clarifying Aging and Disease Related Changes in Cognitive Networks

Wright

Marco

Venneri

2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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In accordance with the physiological networks that underlie it, human cognition is characterized by both the segregation and interdependence of a number of cognitive domains. Cognition itself, therefore, can be conceptualized as a network of functions. A network approach to cognition has previously revealed topological differences in cognitive profiles between healthy and disease populations. The present study, therefore, used graph theory to determine variation in cognitive profiles across healthy aging and cognitive impairment. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was administered to 415 participants. This included three groups of healthy adults aged 18–39 (n = 75), 40–64 (n = 75), and 65 and over (n = 70) and three patient groups with either amnestic (n = 75) or non-amnestic (n = 60) mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s type dementia (n = 60). For each group, cognitive networks were created reflective of test-to-test covariance, in which nodes represented cognitive tests and edges reflected statistical inter-nodal significance (p < 0.05). Network metrics were derived using the Brain Connectivity Toolbox. Network-wide clustering, local efficiency and global efficiency of nodes showed linear differences across the stages of aging, being significantly higher among older adults when compared with younger groups. Among patients, these metrics were significantly higher again when compared with healthy older controls. Conversely, average betweenness centralities were highest in middle-aged participants and lower among older adults and patients. In particular, compared with controls, patients demonstrated a distinct lack of centrality in the domains of semantic processing and abstract reasoning. Network composition in the amnestic mild cognitive impairment group was similar to the network of Alzheimer’s dementia patients. Using graph theoretical methods, this study demonstrates that the composition of cognitive networks may be measurably altered by the aging process and differentially impacted by pathological cognitive impairment. Network alterations characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease in particular may occur early and be distinct from alterations associated with differing types of cognitive impairment. A shift in centrality between domains may be particularly relevant in identifying cognitive profiles indicative of underlying disease. Such techniques may contribute to the future development of more sophisticated diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Graph Theory Approach to Clarifying Aging and Disease Related Changes in Cognitive Networks

Wright

Marco

Venneri

2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…Despite the fact that a majority of studies ( n = 262, 63.6%) followed a regression-based approach, the traditional approach ( n = 132; 32%) was also frequently used (e.g., Bozdemir & Gurvit, 2022 ), as well as other approaches ( n = 13, 3.2%; e.g., Bayesian approach, fractional polynomial multiple regression, and LMS method). Moreover, five studies used both traditional and regression-based approaches ( Bentvelzen et al., 2019 ; Bezdicek et al., 2012 ; Burggraaff et al., 2017 ; Llinas-Regla et al., 2013 ; Malisova et al., 2021 ). Between 2000 and 2005, both approaches were observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative Data Estimation in Neuropsychological Tests: A Systematic Review

delCacho-Tena,

Christ,

Arango-Lasprilla

et al. 2023

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

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Objective To quantify the evolution, impact, and importance of normative data (ND) calculation by identifying trends in the research literature and what approaches need improvement. Methods A PRISMA-guideline systematic review was performed on literature from 2000 to 2022 in PubMed, Pub-Psych, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included scientific articles about ND in neuropsychological tests with clear data analysis, published in any country, and written in English or Spanish. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included. Bibliometric analysis was used to examine the growth, productivity, journal dispersion, and impact of the topic. VOSViewer compared keyword co-occurrence networks between 1952–1999 and 2000–2022. Results Four hundred twelve articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most studied predictors were age, education, and sex. There were a greater number of studies/projects focusing on adults than children. The Verbal Fluency Test (12.7%) was the most studied test, and the most frequently used variable selection strategy was linear regression (49.5%). Regression-based approaches were widely used, whereas the traditional approach was still used. ND were presented mostly in percentiles (44.2%). Bibliometrics showed exponential growth in publications. Three journals (2.41%) were in the Core Zone. VOSViewer results showed small nodes, long distances, and four ND-related topics from 1952 to 1999, and there were larger nodes with short connections from 2000 to 2022, indicating topic spread. Conclusions Future studies should be conducted on children’s ND, and alternative statistical methods should be used over the widely used regression approaches to address limitations and support growth of the field.

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“…The Trail Making Test (parts TMT-A and TMT-B) was administered to assess cognitive performance of older adults before and after the intervention. We used the validated Slovak TMT version that was earlier used to establish normative data for the adult Slovak population (Málišová et al, 2021). The cutoff time of 300 s was applied to discontinue the test administration (Bowie and Harvey, 2006;National Institute of Health, 2013) and the respective cases were not used in further analysis.…”

Section: Cognitive Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forests serve vulnerable groups in times of crises: improved mental health of older adults by individual forest walking during the COVID-19 pandemic

Lamatungga,

Pichlerová,

Halamová

et al. 2024

Front. For. Glob. Change

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Understanding the effects of environment on the mental health of older adults is crucial in an aging society. Previous research concerning restorative benefits of forests almost entirely omitted older adults as the primary target group and typically involved group forest visits, which were largely restricted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we investigated the effects of individual walks on the mental health of adults aged 60 years or older (N = 54). A randomized parallel intervention study was conducted with one group walking in forests and the other in built-up city centres. Each participant completed eight individual 40-min walks during 1 month. Significant improvements in cognitive flexibility and heart rate variability (HRV) as an autonomic nervous system functioning indicator were established in the forest-walking group. The relationship between HRV and environment was modulated by ambient temperature. The study shows that access to forests during crises can support mental health of older adults as a vulnerable demographic.

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Slovak version of the Trail Making Test: Normative data

Cited by 4 publications

References 41 publications

A Graph Theory Approach to Clarifying Aging and Disease Related Changes in Cognitive Networks

A Graph Theory Approach to Clarifying Aging and Disease Related Changes in Cognitive Networks

Normative Data Estimation in Neuropsychological Tests: A Systematic Review

Forests serve vulnerable groups in times of crises: improved mental health of older adults by individual forest walking during the COVID-19 pandemic

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