Slow diuron release formulations based on clay–phosphatidylcholine complexes

Assisted attenuation of a soil contaminated by diuron using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and organic amendments

“…However, this is not the only soil property associated with hydrophobic pesticide sorption (Morillo et al, 2004). Villaverde et al (2013b) and Undabeytia et al (2011) showed that the diuron sorption mechanism is related to some other soil properties in addition to the OC content, such as the content of clay minerals.…”

Effect of controlled release formulations of diuron and alachlor herbicides on the biochemical activity of agricultural soils

“…The preparation of herbicide-PC-clay formulations were made following the methodology described by Undabeytia et al [14]. PC formulations of diuron and alachlor were prepared by dissolving the analytical herbicides in a solution of 6 mM PC via sonication and subsequently adding the suspension to montmorillonite.…”

“…However, only a certain fraction of the applied pesticide reaches its target, whereas the rest is inactive due to bound to soil colloids, lost by water lixiviation with the subsequent groundwater contamination or is in the soil solution, being degraded by chemical and/or biological processes [4,5,6,7,8,9]. In recent years various controlled release formulations (CRFs) of herbicides have been developed to provide small amounts of the herbicide to the soil along the time, improving its efficiency and decreasing the risk of groundwater pollution [3,10,11,12,13,14,15].…”

“…With the development of these new formulations, active substance content can reach high values, and in some cases, very close to those of the commercial products [11,16]. In a variant of these formulations, quaternary ammonium surfactants that form vesicles and micelles involution have been replaced by the natural surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) [14,18,19,20]. The advantage of these formulations is that the adjuvants used (PC and clay) are nontoxic, indicated by the EPA as approved substances of minimal toxicological risk.…”

Structural effects of organobentonites on controlled release of pretilachlor

“…K f and n f are constants that characterize the adsorption of the herbicide. The constant K f (in [mg · kg −1 ][mg · L −1 ] − n f) is involved in the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and its interaction with the adsorptive (Do, 1998) and is usually taken as a measure of the relative adsorption capability of materials (Inacio et al, 2001;Fernandez-Pérez et al, 2005;Sanchez-Martin et al, 2006;Undabeytia et al, 2012). n f is the intensity of the adsorption and reflects the degree to which adsorption is a function of the concentration.…”