“…There is increasing agreement that slow eye movement (SEM) serves as a reliable alternative for assessing drowsiness (Hori, 1982;Kojima et al, 1981;Ogilvie & Wilkinson, 1984;Ogilvie, McDonagh, & Stone, 1988;Santamaria & Chiappa, 1987). One of the present authors has found a significant linkage of SEM with lower levels of arousal, such as sleepiness, with the transitional period of sleep stage, and with difficulty in falling asleep (Hiroshige, 1987(Hiroshige, , 1992Hiroshige & Miyata, 1990). Moreover, the stage defined by the EEG and electro-oculogram (EOG) (EEG-EOG stage) is helpful for the recognition of a drowsy state even in EEG-defined wakefulness.…”