Slow Sand Filtration: A Potential Method for the Elimination of Pathogens and Nematodes in Recirculating Nutrient Solutions From Glasshouse-Grown Crops

Os, E.A. van; Amsing, J.J.; Kuik, A.J. van; Willers, H.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1999.481.61

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…However, good zoospore removal is coincident with the development of an active microbial population. SSF have been successfully used to remove propagules of a wide range of plant pathogens from contaminated irrigation water, including Cylindrocladium spp., Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Thielaviopsis spp., Verticillium dahliae, Xanthomonas spp., tobacco mosaic virus, and pelargonium flower break virus (3,61). Biological processes are known to be central to the removal of plant pathogenic Xanthomonas spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rapid dispersal of the pathogen in water is often achieved by asexual flagellate zoospores, and a key element for pathogen control is the removal of zoospores from water supplies. A wide range of treatment techniques such as UV-radiation, ozonation, pasteurization, ultrafiltration, slow sand filtration, and dosing with sterilant chemicals have been shown to be effective at controlling fungal plant pathogens in water supplies (23,36,50,51,53,55,61,70). Slow sand filters (SSFs), with their simple design and operation, reliability, flexibility, and comparatively low cost of installation and operation, have great appeal to horticultural nurseries.…”

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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Microbial Community in Slow Sand Filters Used for Treating Horticultural Irrigation Water

Calvo-Bado

Pettitt

Parsons³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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An experimental slow sand filter (SSF) was constructed to study the spatial and temporal structure of a bacterial community suppressive to an oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora cryptogea. Passage of water through the mature sand column resulted in complete removal of zoospores of the plant pathogen. To monitor global changes in the microbial community, bacterial and fungal numbers were estimated on selective media, direct viable counts of fungal spores were made, and the ATP content was measured. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to study the dynamics of the bacterial community in detail. The top layer (1 cm) of the SSF column was dominated by a variable and active microbial population, whereas the middle (50 cm) and bottom (80 cm) layers were dominated by less active and diverse bacterial populations. The major changes in the microbial populations occurred during the first week of filter operation, and these populations then remained to the end of the study. Spatial and temporal nonlinear mapping of the DGGE bands provided a useful visual representation of the similarities between SSF samples. According to the DGGE profile, less than 2% of the dominating bands present in the SSF column were represented in the culturable population. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands from all depths of the SSF column indicated that a range of bacteria were present, with 16S rRNA gene sequences similar to groups such as Bacillus megaterium, Cytophaga, Desulfovibrio, Legionella, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Sphingomonas, and an uncharacterized environmental clone. This study describes the characterization of the performance, and microbial composition, of SSFs used for the treatment of water for use in the horticultural industry. Utilization of naturally suppressive population of microorganisms either directly or by manipulation of the environment in an SSF may provide a more reproducible control method for the future.Fungal plant diseases are a major problem within the horticultural industry, resulting in reduced yields and occasionally major crop damage. Contaminated irrigation water has long been recognized as an important source of fungal plant pathogens and is an important factor in disease spread on commercial horticultural nurseries (4). Water from many commonly used sources, such as rainwater from glasshouse roofs and, in particular, water stored in open reservoirs and ponds, can often contain large numbers of infective propagules of fungal plant pathogens, such as Pythium and Phytophthora spp. (1,4,34,46,48,53). A particularly high risk of disease spread is associated with the collection, recycling, and reuse of irrigation water, often referred to as recirculation (45,57,58), which is becoming more popular as attempts are increasingly being made to conserve valuable water supplies. Rapid dispersal of the pathogen in water is often achieved by asexual flagellate zoospores, and a key element for pathogen control is the removal of zoospores from water supplies. A wide...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Microbial Community in Slow Sand Filters Used for Treating Horticultural Irrigation Water

Calvo-Bado

Pettitt

Parsons³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Contaminated irrigation water has long been recognized as an important source of plant pathogens and can be instrumental in disease spread in commercial horticultural nurseries (9), and SSF filtration shows great promise for control of fungal plant pathogens (62). An SSF relies on physical, chemical, and biological activity for controlling plant pathogens (12,28,45,54,55,60,61). To characterize the microorganisms involved in the suppression of fungal plant pathogens in several agricultural crops, PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene has great potential (40,48,63).…”

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Molecular Characterization ofLegionellaPopulations Present within Slow Sand Filters Used for Fungal Plant Pathogen Suppression in Horticultural Crops

Calvo-Bado¹,

Morgan²,

Sergeant³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The total bacterial community of an experimental slow sand filter (SSF) was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of partial 16S rRNA gene PCR products. One dominant band had sequence homology to Legionella species, indicating that these bacteria were a large component of the SSF bacterial community. Populations within experimental and commercial SSF units were studied by using Legionella-specific PCR primers, and products were studied by DGGE and quantitative PCR analyses. In the experimental SSF unit, the DGGE profiles for sand column, reservoir, storage tank, and headwater tank samples each contained at least one intense band, indicating that a single Legionella strain was predominant in each sample. Greater numbers of DGGE bands of equal intensity were detected in the outflow water sample. Sequence analysis of these PCR products showed that several Legionella species were present and that the organisms exhibited similarity to strains isolated from environmental and clinical samples. Quantitative PCR analysis of the SSF samples showed that from the headwater sample through the sand column, the number of Legionella cells decreased, resulting in a lower number of cells in the outflow water. In the commercial SSF, legionellae were also detected in the sand column samples. Storing prefilter water or locating SSF units within greenhouses, which are often maintained at temperatures that are higher than the ambient temperature, increases the risk of growth of Legionella and should be avoided. Care should also be taken when used filter sand is handled or replaced, and regular monitoring of outflow water would be useful, especially if the water is used for misting or overhead irrigation.

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“…and Phytophthora spp.) are eliminated by SSF (Wohanka, 1995;Runia et al, 1997;Van Os et al, 1999;Wohanka et al, 1999) and that this filtering technique shows high efficacy against other phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria (Waechter-Kristensen et al, 1997). Slow filtration is a living system in which a number of factors (pathogen, filtration rate, grain size, filter medium, specific surface, temperature, microbial life, and preferential channeling) determine efficacy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of soilless growing systems on the spread of Verticillium dahliae and the severity of the Verticillium wilt in strawberry

Martínez

Castillo

Carmona

et al. 2011

Span. j. agric. res.

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The dispersion of soilborne plant pathogens could be greater in closed soilless growing systems than in open ones. The effect of three soilless growing systems (open, closed and closed with slow sand filtration) on the dispersion of Verticillium dahliae propagules and the severity of the disease in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) has been analysed. V. dahliae dispersion in a closed system with slow sand filtration was studied by measuring propagules in the recirculating nutrient solution and in the growth medium. The growth medium used was coconut fiber. V. dahliae propagules were not removed by slow sand filtration. In the first crop cycle, an increase in the severity of Verticillium wilt was detected in the closed soilless growing system with slow sand filtration in comparison with the other two systems. This increase may be due to the non-elimination of V. dahliae propagules by filtration and to the lower microbial biomass in the filtered solution storage tank than in the drained solution storage tank. The decline in microbial biomass by filtration may improve the viability of the dispersed conidia, thus increasing the severity of the disease. This decline in microbial biomass by filtration may be compensated in the second crop cycle by the root debris from the first crop cycle. This debris may have provided nutrient sources to the microbes and increased the associated microbial biomass.Additional key words: microbial biomass, slow sand filtration. ResumenEfecto de sistemas de cultivo sin suelo sobre la dispersión de Verticillium dahliae y de la verticilosis en el cultivo de la fresa La dispersión de los patógenos de suelo podría ser mayor en los sistemas de cultivo sin suelo cerrados que en los sistemas abiertos. Se estudió el efecto de tres sistemas de cultivo (abierto, cerrado y cerrado con filtración lenta en lecho de arena) sobre la dispersión de los propágulos de Verticillium dahliae y sobre la severidad de la enfermedad en fresa (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Se analizó la dispersión de V. dahliae en el sistema cerrado con filtración lenta mediante la medida de los propágulos en la solución nutritiva recirculante y en el sustrato empleado, que fue fibra de coco. Los propágulos de V. dahliae no fueron eliminados por la filtración lenta. En el primer ciclo de cultivo, se detectó un incremento en la severidad de verticilosis en el sistema cerrado con filtración lenta en comparación con los otros dos sistemas. Este incremento puede ser debido a que el filtro no elimina los propágulos de V. dahliae y a que la biomasa microbiana en la solución filtrada es más baja que en la solución drenada. Este descenso que se produce en la biomasa microbiana debido a la filtración podría mejorar la viabilidad de las conidias dispersadas y por lo tanto incrementar la severidad de la enfermedad. El descenso de la biomasa microbiana por la filtración parece estar compensado en el segundo ciclo de cultivo por la activación de la misma debido a los nutrientes proveídos por los restos de raíces procedentes del prim...

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Slow Sand Filtration: A Potential Method for the Elimination of Pathogens and Nematodes in Recirculating Nutrient Solutions From Glasshouse-Grown Crops

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Microbial Community in Slow Sand Filters Used for Treating Horticultural Irrigation Water

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Microbial Community in Slow Sand Filters Used for Treating Horticultural Irrigation Water

Molecular Characterization ofLegionellaPopulations Present within Slow Sand Filters Used for Fungal Plant Pathogen Suppression in Horticultural Crops

Effect of soilless growing systems on the spread of Verticillium dahliae and the severity of the Verticillium wilt in strawberry

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