Slow Sand Filtration: Influences of Selected Process Variables

Bellamy, William D.; Hendricks, David W.; Logsdon, Gary S.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05659.x

Cited by 105 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Bellamy et al [40] explained the removal of bacteria in slow sand filters by adsorption of the bacteria on the biofilm attached to sand grains. However, adsorption of pathogenic bacteria to the media is influenced by several factors such as the content of organic matter, the degree of biofilm development, temperature; ionic strength and pH value [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of domestic wastewater in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by moving bed biofilm reactor

Tawfik

El‐Gohary

Temmink

2009

Bioprocess Biosyst Eng

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The performance of a laboratory-scale sewage treatment system composed of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) at a temperature of (22-35°C) was evaluated. The entire treatment system was operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT's) of 13.3, 10 and 5.0 h. An overall reduction of 80-86% for COD total ; 51-73% for COD colloidal and 20-55% for COD soluble was found at a total HRT of 5-10 h, respectively. By prolonging the HRT to 13.3 h, the removal efficiencies of COD total , COD colloidal and COD soluble increased up to 92, 89 and 80%, respectively. However, the removal efficiency of COD suspended in the combined system remained unaffected when increasing the total HRT from 5 to 10 h and from 10 to 13.3 h. This indicates that, the removal of COD suspended was independent on the imposed HRT. Ammonia-nitrogen removal in MBBR treating UASB reactor effluent was significantly influenced by organic loading rate (OLR). 62% of ammonia was eliminated at OLR of 4.6 g COD m -2 day -1 . The removal efficiency was decreased by a value of 34 and 43% at a higher OLR's of 7.4 and 17.8 g COD m -2 day -1 , respectively. The mean overall residual counts of faecal coliform in the final effluent were 8.9 9 10 4 MPN per 100 ml at a HRT of 13.3 h, 4.9 9 10 5 MPN per 100 ml at a HRT of 10 h and 9.4 9 10 5 MPN per 100 ml at a HRT of 5.0 h, corresponding to overall log 10 reduction of 2.3, 1.4 and 0.7, respectively. The discharged sludge from UASB-MBBR exerts an excellent settling property. Moreover, the mean value of the net sludge yield was only 6% in UASB reactor and 7% in the MBBR of the total influent COD at a total HRT of 13.3 h. Accordingly, the use of the combined UASB-MBBR system for sewage treatment is recommended at a total HRT of 13.3 h.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of domestic wastewater in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by moving bed biofilm reactor

Tawfik

El‐Gohary

Temmink

2009

Bioprocess Biosyst Eng

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“…Microorganism removal improves with lower filtration rates and with smaller sand size in the filter bed. Bellamy et al (1985) observed total coliform removal of greater than98 % for 0.29 mm effective size sand versus 96% removal for 0.62 mm effective size sand for filters having the same bed depth an d filtration r ate. Aver age concentrations as well as removal efficiency of different are shown in …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Use of horizontal flow roughing filtration in drinking water treatment

Dastanaie

Bidhendi

Nasrabadi

et al. 2007

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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ABSTRACT:In order to evaluate the feasibility of implementation of horizontal-flow roughing filtration for drinking water treatment a pilot was designed and run at the bank of Zayandehroud river near the village of Chamkhalifeh. Pilot running was performed in summer 2003 (July, August and September), when the quality of river water was in relatively worst condition. The filter is comprised from three different parts which are separated with perforated baffles. Each compartment is filled with some local sand and gravel considering a special decreasing size regime. The overall function of the filter in removing turbidity and total suspended solids is acceptable. Additionally, iron, manganese and color and coliform removal are also been covered to some extent. Achieved results in this study shows that horizontal-flow roughing filtration may be considered as a packed, low-cost and efficient pretreatment process incase surface water is used as water supply for treatment. Furthermore, when small scale societies are considered and when no major pollutants exist in the water supply as the case in this study_ this system may be posed as a total treatment system, in which treated water exited from the filter may be sent to distribution network after a simple post chlorination.

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“…Removal of higher organisms has not been investigated in this study, but several studies have proven partly or complete removal of organic matter and organisms in slow sand filters, such as dissolved organic matter (46%-75% removal) [31], helminths (100% removal) [32], protozoa (>99.9% removal) [33] and oocysts (99%-99.9% removal) [34]. Though this study has only measured indicator organisms, the above studies give reasonable cause to assume a high degree of removal of other potential pathogens in the Submerged Pond Sand Filter.…”

Section: Treatment Efficiency Of Filtermentioning

confidence: 99%

Submerged Pond Sand Filter—A Novel Approach to Rural Water Supply

Øhlenschlæger

Christensen

Bregnhøj

et al. 2016

Water

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This study describes the new design and function of a modified version of a traditional slow sand filter. The Submerged Pond Sand Filter is built inside a pond and has a vertical as well as a horizontal flow of water through a sloped filter opening. The filter provides treated drinking water to a rural Indian village. The filter has functioned with minimal maintenance for five years without being subject to the typical scraping off and changing of sand as needed in traditional slow sand filters every few months. This five-year study showed bacterial removal efficiency of 97% on average with a level of faecal coliforms of 2˘2 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL measured in the treated water. Turbidity was visibly removed during treatment. When water was retrieved from the filter through a manual pump for long consistent time intervals (60 min), faecal coliform counts increased from four to 10 CFU/100 mL on average compared to shorter pumping intervals (5 min). Though the treated water did not comply with the World Health Organization standards of 0 CFU/100 mL, the filter significantly improved water quality and provided one of the best sources of drinkable water in a water-depleted area, where only surface water was available. Furthermore, it is a sustainable treatment method due to low maintenance requirements.

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Slow Sand Filtration: Influences of Selected Process Variables

Abstract: Biological activity within the sand bed had the strongest influence on removal efficiency of total coliform bacteria by slow sand filtration, as determined by six pilot filters (shown above). Temperature, sand bed depth, and sand size also had strong influence.

Cited by 105 publications

References 2 publications

Treatment of domestic wastewater in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by moving bed biofilm reactor

Treatment of domestic wastewater in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by moving bed biofilm reactor

Use of horizontal flow roughing filtration in drinking water treatment

Submerged Pond Sand Filter—A Novel Approach to Rural Water Supply

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