Abstract:Interval timing is a fundamental component action, and is susceptible to motor-related temporal distortions. Previous studies have shown that movement biases temporal estimates, but have primarily considered self-modulated movement only. However, real-world encounters often include situations in which movement is restricted or perturbed by environmental factors. In the following experiments, we introduced viscous movement environments to externally modulate movement and investigated the resulting effects on te… Show more
“…The distribution of individual correlation coefficients is displayed in figure 3. By using a one-sample t-test, we found that the values were distributed significantly above zero for both motor [ t (19) = 2.974, p = 0.008, Cohen′ s D = 0.665] and combined [ t (19) = 4.278, p < 0.001, D = 0.957] conditions, indicating a positive relationship between movement distance and reproduced duration, and replicating prior work that movement distances are associated with longer estimated durations [11,30]. Figure 3Effects of movement on duration estimates.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 83%
“…In addition, we examined the relationships between movement parameters and timing performance. Previous works have shown that arm movements covering a greater distance lead to longer perceived durations [11,30]. Here, we extracted the movement distance for each trial (defined as the Euclidean distance travelled between duration onset and offset) and performed a Spearman partial correlation test between movement distance and reproduced time, controlling for target duration.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To determine the sensitivity of each of the unisensory modality conditions, as well as the multisensory combined one, we employed a Bayesian observer–actor model (figure 4) previously described by Remington et al . [31] (see also [32]) and used previously by our group [30]. In this model, sample durations ( t s ) are inferred as draws from noisy measurement distributions ( t m ) that scale in width according to the length of the presented interval.…”
Our subjective sense of time is intertwined with a plethora of perceptual, cognitive and motor functions, and likewise, the brain is equipped to expertly filter, weight and combine these signals for seamless interactions with a dynamic world. Until relatively recently, the literature on time perception has excluded the influence of simultaneous motor activity, yet it has been found that motor circuits in the brain are at the core of most timing functions. Several studies have now identified that concurrent movements exert robust effects on perceptual timing estimates, but critically have not assessed how humans consciously judge the duration of their own movements. This creates a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms driving movement-related effects on sensory timing. We sought to address this gap by administering a sensorimotor timing task in which we explicitly compared the timing of isolated auditory tones and arm movements, or both simultaneously. We contextualized our findings within a Bayesian cue combination framework, in which separate sources of temporal information are weighted by their reliability and integrated into a unitary time estimate that is more precise than either unisensory estimate. Our results revealed differences in accuracy between auditory, movement and combined trials, and (crucially) that combined trials were the most accurately timed. Under the Bayesian framework, we found that participants’ combined estimates were more precise than isolated estimates, yet were sub-optimal when compared with the model’s prediction, on average. These findings elucidate previously unknown qualities of conscious motor timing and propose computational mechanisms that can describe how movements combine with perceptual signals to create unified, multimodal experiences of time.
“…The distribution of individual correlation coefficients is displayed in figure 3. By using a one-sample t-test, we found that the values were distributed significantly above zero for both motor [ t (19) = 2.974, p = 0.008, Cohen′ s D = 0.665] and combined [ t (19) = 4.278, p < 0.001, D = 0.957] conditions, indicating a positive relationship between movement distance and reproduced duration, and replicating prior work that movement distances are associated with longer estimated durations [11,30]. Figure 3Effects of movement on duration estimates.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 83%
“…In addition, we examined the relationships between movement parameters and timing performance. Previous works have shown that arm movements covering a greater distance lead to longer perceived durations [11,30]. Here, we extracted the movement distance for each trial (defined as the Euclidean distance travelled between duration onset and offset) and performed a Spearman partial correlation test between movement distance and reproduced time, controlling for target duration.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To determine the sensitivity of each of the unisensory modality conditions, as well as the multisensory combined one, we employed a Bayesian observer–actor model (figure 4) previously described by Remington et al . [31] (see also [32]) and used previously by our group [30]. In this model, sample durations ( t s ) are inferred as draws from noisy measurement distributions ( t m ) that scale in width according to the length of the presented interval.…”
Our subjective sense of time is intertwined with a plethora of perceptual, cognitive and motor functions, and likewise, the brain is equipped to expertly filter, weight and combine these signals for seamless interactions with a dynamic world. Until relatively recently, the literature on time perception has excluded the influence of simultaneous motor activity, yet it has been found that motor circuits in the brain are at the core of most timing functions. Several studies have now identified that concurrent movements exert robust effects on perceptual timing estimates, but critically have not assessed how humans consciously judge the duration of their own movements. This creates a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms driving movement-related effects on sensory timing. We sought to address this gap by administering a sensorimotor timing task in which we explicitly compared the timing of isolated auditory tones and arm movements, or both simultaneously. We contextualized our findings within a Bayesian cue combination framework, in which separate sources of temporal information are weighted by their reliability and integrated into a unitary time estimate that is more precise than either unisensory estimate. Our results revealed differences in accuracy between auditory, movement and combined trials, and (crucially) that combined trials were the most accurately timed. Under the Bayesian framework, we found that participants’ combined estimates were more precise than isolated estimates, yet were sub-optimal when compared with the model’s prediction, on average. These findings elucidate previously unknown qualities of conscious motor timing and propose computational mechanisms that can describe how movements combine with perceptual signals to create unified, multimodal experiences of time.
“…In contrast, for the LBD performances are the same as in the ATE task, with no differences due to the presence or absence of the body part. Further investigations are needed to understand if this underestimation in the embodiment forced condition may be in some way associated with motor constraints 94 , as in our study we do not find any differences associated with the laterality (correspondence with healthy or motor impaired upper limbs) of the hands seen in the video. The result of the embodiment effect in right brain damaged patients is in line with previous studies that identify right brain structures as the main network for embodiment mechanisms, and with clinical reports of abnormal embodiment manifestations 95,96 .…”
Section: The Effects Of Embodiment In Temporal Perception Of Actionsmentioning
Sense of time is a complex construct, and its neural correlates remain to date in most part unknown. To complicate the frame, physical attributes of the stimulus, such as its intensity or movement, influence temporal perception. Although previous studies have shown that time perception can be compromised after a brain lesion, the evidence on the role of the left and right hemispheres are meager. In two experiments, the study explores the ability of temporal estimation of multi-second actions and non-biological movements in 33 patients suffering from unilateral brain lesion. Furthermore, the modulatory role of induced embodiment processes is investigated. The results reveal a joint contribution of the two hemispheres depending not only on different durations but also on the presence of actions. Indeed, the left hemisphere damaged patients find it difficult to estimate 4500 ms or longer durations, while the right hemisphere damaged patients fail in 3000 ms durations. Furthermore, the former fail when a biological action is shown, while the latter fail in non-biological movement. Embodiment processes have a modulatory effect only after right hemisphere lesions. Among neuropsychological variables, only spatial neglect influences estimation of non-biological movement.
“…estimates are biased towards previously perceived intervals (for a review, see Van Rijn, 2016), has been shown to originate in motor areas of the brain (Jazayeri & Shadlen, 2015;Sohn et al, 2019), and occur already during the encoding of the to-be-reproduced interval, during which no motor action is executed (Damsma et al, 2020;Zimmermann & Cicchini, 2020) and decision biases can be ruled out (De Kock et al, 2020). Thus, as proposed in the previous paragraph, there may be no clock input to the motor system, because time is inherently rooted in the motor system within a global temporal movement controller.…”
Complex movements require the fine-tuned temporal interplay of several effectors. If the temporal properties of one of these effectors were distorted, all other movement plans would need to be updated in order to produce successful behavior. This requirement of a global motor time stands in direct contrast to the multiple duration-channels in visual time. We explored whether time-critical and goal-oriented movements are indeed globally affected by temporal recalibration. In a ready-set-go paradigm, participants reproduced the interval between ready- and set-signals by performing different movements in Virtual Reality (VR). Halfway through the experiments, movements in VR were artificially slowed down, so that participants had to adapt their behavior. In three experiments, we found that these adaptation effects were not affected by movement type, interval range, location, or environmental context. We conclude that the temporal planning of motor actions is recalibrated globally, suggesting the presence of a global temporal movement controller.
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