Slurry and cavitation erosion of HSLA steel processed by warm multidirectional forging and inter-critical annealing

Slurry erosion of thermo-mechanically processed 13Cr4Ni stainless steel

“…The higher hardness of (950°C, 10 s À 1 ) TMP specimen is attributed to finer lath martensite and refined ferrite grains. Similar higher slurry erosion resistance was exhibited in refined ferrite-martensite microstructure of HSLA steel obtained by multidirectional forging [15]. (950°C, 0.001 s À 1 ) TMP specimen shows lower hardness among all the processed specimens, due to recrystallized prior austenite and relatively higher ferrite content.…”

“…In these patterns, different peaks of ferrite and martensite overlap as shown by JCPDS s software. Similar XRD patterns were observed in earlier studies, too [15,25,29]. In order to confirm the phases, Vickers micro hardness was measured in differently etched regions and it measured 260 and 370 VHN, respectively in ferrite and martensite regions of (950°C, 0.001 s À 1 ) TMP specimen.…”

“…Deformation lips border these craters. During subsequent impacts of sand particles, material removal occurs from the lips of the craters by a process of fatigue [1,5,15,29,33]. Deeper craters with severe erosion marks are seen in ASR 13/4 MSS as compared to TMP specimens.…”

“…For example, Wen [14] concluded that hot rolling is an attractive process for improving the erosion resistance of martensite/ferrite duplex stainless steels. Beneficial effect of warm multidirectional forging on the refinement in microstructure, improvement of mechanical properties and slurry erosion resistance in high-strength-low-alloy (HSLA) steel is reported [15]. Effect of TMP such as friction stir processing (FSP) on microstructural refinement and erosion resistance of 13/4 MSS has been reported [16,17], wherein hardness along with ductility increased.…”

Cavitation erosion behavior of SA 106B carbon steel after treatment of the melt with nano-sized TiC particles

“…The local pressure variations within the liquid lead to the nucleation of cavities and their subsequent collapse, which is called as cavitation, generate high pressure shock waves and microjets. The resultant cavitation erosion is occurred progressively due to continued exposure to cavitation, leading to the surface destruction and material loss [3][4][5][6][7]. It is generally known [8] that the cavitation bubble collapse pressure calculated based on microjet velocity is more than approximately 200 MPa and causes plastic deformation such as indentations or pits on the metal surface.…”