Small-angle neutron-scattering study of bis(quaternaryammonium bromide) surfactant micelles in water. Effect of the long spacer chain on micellar structure

Urea-based gemini surfactants: Synthesis, aggregation behaviour and biological activity

“…A significant increase in surfactant prolate major axis for 10-2-10 and 10-3-10 (gemini surfactants with decyl chains) was found with the increasing surfactant weight percentage, as results from small-angle neutron scattering measurements [42]. This size increase is no more observable for longer spacers s = 4 to 12 [42,43]. Similarly, no significant increase in size was observed for micelles composed of gemini molecules with dodecyl chains 12-s-12 and the spacer values s = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 [59].…”

“…Their physical and aggregation characteristics such as critical micelle concentration and surface properties [36][37][38][39][40][41], micelle aggregation number and size [42][43][44], antimicrobial activity [45], aggregate structure variability in aqueous solutions as a function of the spacer length [46], indicate unique properties and aggregation behaviour of this class of surfactants which predetermines them to be used in a broad range of applications.…”

Dimeric (Gemini) Surfactants: Effect of the Spacer Group on the Association Behavior in Aqueous Solution

“…10 for the 10-s-10 surfactants were analyzed in terms of the ladder model for micelle growth (70,71). This yielded the values of G 0 SC , free energy difference between N 0 dimeric surfactants packed in a part of a cylindrical micelle and in the maximum spherical micelle of aggregation number N 0 , represented in Fig.…”

Adsorption and Association in Aqueous Solutions of Dissymmetric Gemini Surfactant

“…Theoretical explanation has pointed out that the conformational entropy of the spacer chain, and the attractive and repulsive interactions of the surfactant molecules play important roles in determining the equilibrium area per molecule affecting both the adsorption at the air/solution interface and the morphology of aggregates formed in solution (13)(14)(15)(16).…”