Small-angle neutron scattering study of soot particles in an ethylene–air diffusion flame

Understanding the ignition mechanism of high-pressure spray flames

“…For incipient particle sizes, it is necessary to extend scattering measurements to shorter wavelengths. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is sensitive to regions of high electron density (e.g., particles on a nanometer scale), provides information about average aggregate morphology and size, primary-particle size, and incipient particle size, and has been used to measure incipient and mature particle-size distributions in flames [228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239]. The hard X-ray beam is directed into the flame, and the forward scattering pattern is recorded at angles that are small relative to the propagation direction of the incident beam.…”

“…Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is complementary to SAXS and can also provide information about incipient and aggregate particle size and morphology [81,233,241]. Advantages of SANS over SAXS include better discrimination against background air scattering, longer wavelengths (0.4-3 nm), lower absorption, better penetration into dense samples, and less tendency to ionize or damage samples [233]. On the other hand, SANS tends to have lower intensity and lower spatial resolution than SAXS [233].…”

“…Advantages of SANS over SAXS include better discrimination against background air scattering, longer wavelengths (0.4-3 nm), lower absorption, better penetration into dense samples, and less tendency to ionize or damage samples [233]. On the other hand, SANS tends to have lower intensity and lower spatial resolution than SAXS [233]. Figure 5 shows particle-size distributions inferred from SANS measurements in the same flame used for the SAXS measurements shown in Fig.…”

Synchrotron radiation studies of additives in combustion I: Water

“…We and others have recently used Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) [24,25] techniques to study in situ the size and distribution of soot particles in diffusion flames. In an extension of our work, we have investigated the change in the size and number of soot particles that occurs when water is injected into an ethylene flame.…”

Automated Determination of Aggregate Primary Particle Size Distribution by TEM Image Analysis: Application to Soot

“…Nevertheless, the determination of primary particle size distribution by using these techniques implies to record many images and the postprocessing is essentially controlled and consequently long and fastidious. For various soot origins and statistics levels, some authors found that size distributions of D p follows a normal distribution (Equation (1a)) (K€ oyl€ u and Faeth 1992;Wentzel et al 2003;Lapuerta et al 2007;Ouf et al 2008) and others found lognormal distributions (Equation (1b)) (Maricq et al 2003;Zhao et al 2003b;Mitchell et al 2006;Zhao et al 2007).…”