Small-angle X-ray scattering of nanoporous materials

Welborn, Samuel S.; Detsi, Eric

doi:10.1039/c9nh00347a

Cited by 42 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…The underlying mechanism for gold coarsening may, however, differ between orogenic (attachment, dissolution, and monomer transfer) and epithermal (diffusion-limited aggregation and orthokinetic aggregation) 8 deposits. The existence of these different gold coarsening processes has far-reaching implications for other disciplines given that gold nanoparticle research is a critical component of material science 40,41 , nanomedicine 42,43 , and nanotechnology 44,45 . A more complete understanding of natural gold nanoparticles and their interaction with other natural materials may enhance laboratory manipulation for a variety of disciplines.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and coarsening of gold nanoparticles in an orogenic deposit by dissolution–reprecipitation and Ostwald ripening

Hastie

Schindler

Kontak

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

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The role of nanoparticle gold in the formation of gold deposits has long been debated. Evidence in support of this process is generally limited to epithermal-, Carlin- and seafloor massive-sulfide-type deposits where gold nanoparticles are associated with primary fluid related processes. At the Kenty orogenic deposit in Ontario, Canada, gold has been remobilized from early pyrite through secondary coupled dissolution-reprecipitation processes to form high-grade gold external to pyrite. Here we report gold nanoparticles and related textures that help document this gold coarsening process. A combination of focused ion beam technology and transmission electron microscopy provides a rare glimpse of gold coarsening frozen in time, which includes nanoparticles trapped in iron oxides and rutile and non-oriented attachment of gold nanoparticles to bulk gold suggesting coarsening via Ostwald ripening. The processes documented are applicable to orogenic deposits formed through Earth’s history, and may explain the formation of ultra high-grade ore zones.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and coarsening of gold nanoparticles in an orogenic deposit by dissolution–reprecipitation and Ostwald ripening

Hastie

Schindler

Kontak

et al. 2021

Commun Earth Environ

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“…Instead, the nanostructure was investigated by analyzing SEM images with a Fourier transform software procedure that simulated a small-angle scattering experiment from 2-D images. [41][42] The calculated curves corresponding to SEM images of different materials are presented in Figure 7. Np-Au, np-PS, and np-PCN exhibited the same scattering patterns, in agreement with Babinet principles (identical pattern from a diffracting body or its complement).…”

Section: Monomermentioning

confidence: 99%

Versatile approach to nanoporous polymers with bicontinuous morphology using metal templated synthesis

Nguyen

Grande

Cœur

et al. 2021

European Polymer Journal

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Nanoporous materials with 3-D interconnected channels and large surface areas have been known to be technologically useful for a wide spectrum of applications, particularly in the fields of energy storage and conversion, supported catalysis and separation technology. For the first time, we herein report upon an original approach to elaborate nanoporous polymers, especially thermosets, with bicontinuous morphology. The versatility of this strategy stems from the possibility of using nanoporous gold (np-Au) as a template to replicate any polymeric material. Depending on the solubility behavior of the polymer, the infiltration solution used in the step of pore filling is different, i.e. a preformed polystyrene (PS) solution or pure liquid dicyanate monomers followed by in-situ polymerization in the case of thermosetting polycyanurate (PCN). After selective and quantitative dissolution of the Np-Au template in a KI/I2 solution, the resulting np-PS or np-PCN, respectively, take the inverse morphology of np-Au template, as evidenced by SEM and Fourier transform analysis. Both np-PS and np-PCN frameworks present well-defined nanostructures with a homogeneous size distribution over the entire volume of the processed samples. This new pathway is very promising not only because of its versatility in terms of polymer diversity but also for the possibility of precisely tuning the nanostructure size of the resulting nanoporous polymers.

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“…Although experimental scattering data contain all relevant information about the nanoporous structure, the extraction of sizes characteristic for dealloyed structures has only been shown recently. 37 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Study of Nanoporosity Evolution during Dealloying AgAu and CoPd by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

et al. 2022

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Electrochemical dealloying has become a standard technique to produce nanoporous network structures of various noble metals, exploiting the selective dissolution of one component from an alloy. While achieving nanoporosity during dealloying has been intensively studied for the prime example of nanoporous Au from a AgAu alloy, dealloying from other noble-metal alloys has been rarely investigated in the scientific literature. Here, we study the evolution of nanoporosity in the electrochemical dealloying process for both CoPd and AgAu alloys using a combination of in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). When comparing dealloying kinetics, we find a more rapid progression of the dealloying front for CoPd and also a considerably slower coarsening of the nanoporous structure for Pd in relation to Au. We argue that our findings are natural consequences of the effectively higher dealloying potential and the higher interatomic binding energy for the CoPd alloy. Our results corroborate the understanding of electrochemical dealloying on the basis of two rate equations for dissolution and surface diffusion and suggest the general applicability of this dealloying mechanism to binary alloys. The present study contributes to the future tailoring of structural size in nanoporous metals for improved chemical surface activity.

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Small-angle X-ray scattering of nanoporous materials

Abstract: Schematic of the general process of small-angle X-ray scattering acquisition, fitting, and modeling to determine material parameters of nanoporous materials.

Cited by 42 publications

References 167 publications

Transport and coarsening of gold nanoparticles in an orogenic deposit by dissolution–reprecipitation and Ostwald ripening

Transport and coarsening of gold nanoparticles in an orogenic deposit by dissolution–reprecipitation and Ostwald ripening

Versatile approach to nanoporous polymers with bicontinuous morphology using metal templated synthesis

In Situ Study of Nanoporosity Evolution during Dealloying AgAu and CoPd by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

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