Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors: Focus on Pathologic Aspects and Controversial Surgical Issues

Pino, Antonella; Frattini, Francesco; Ieni, Antonio; Colombo, Carla; Leo, Simone De; Rausei, Stefano; Boni, Luigi; Lianos, Georgios D; Fadda, Guido; Yub, Kim Hoon; Baldari, Sergio; Campennì, Alfredo; Dionigi, Gianlorenzo

doi:10.1007/s40137-022-00324-x

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Small bowel NEN has no gender predilection and is usually diagnosed during the sixth to seventh decade of life. 7 Approximately 40% to 60% of patients are either asymptomatic or present with nonspecific symptoms such as GI bleeding, abdominal pain, carcinoid syndrome (CS), or small bowel obstruction. 24 Most SB-NENs are nonfunctional, and the patients are asymptomatic (15%-20%) in the initial stages.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10). 7 Approximately 10% to 20% of the primary tumors may have a cystic appearance which can be best visualized on MRI 51 . The superior spatial resolution of CTE allows identifying primary tumors as small as 5 mm 50 .…”

Section: Workup and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) and ileum are the most common areas of NEN within the small bowel, and the incidence increases from the proximal to the distal small bowel 6 . Terminal ileum harbors more than 70% of the small bowel NEN (SB-NEN) 7 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms—A Review

Vulasala,

Virarkar,

Gopireddy

et al. 2023

J Comput Assist Tomogr

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rapidly evolving small bowel tumors, and the patients are asymptomatic at the initial stages. Metastases are commonly observed at the time of presentation and diagnosis. This review addresses the small bowel NEN (SB-NEN) and its molecular, histological, and imaging features, which aid diagnosis and therapy guidance. Somatic cell number alterations and epigenetic mutations are studied to be responsible for sporadic and familial SB-NEN. The review also describes the grading of SB-NEN in addition to rare histological findings such as mixed neuroendocrine-non-NENs. Anatomic and nuclear imaging with conventional computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic enterography, and positron emission tomography are adopted in clinical practice for diagnosing, staging, and follow-up of NEN. Along with the characteristic imaging features of SB-NEN, the therapeutic aspects of imaging, such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, are discussed in this review.

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Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%