Small Changes Huge Impact: The Role of Protein Posttranslational Modifications in Cellular Homeostasis and Disease

Karve, Tejaswita M.; Cheema, Amrita K.

doi:10.4061/2011/207691

Cited by 309 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(164 reference statements)

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“…The UPS also degrades nor mal proteins that are no longer needed, providing temporal regulation of protein activity. The ubiquityl ation machinery, consisting of ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2), and ubiquitin ligases (E3), controls substrate targeting via conjugation of ubiquitin, after which proteins are degraded by the proteasome core 41,42 . Unfolded pro teins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are cleared via the ER associated degradation (ERAD) system, which induces trans location of unfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol, from where they are cleared by the UPS 43,44 .…”

Section: The Proteostasis Network Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteostasis in cardiac health and disease

Henning

Brundel²

2017

Nat Rev Cardiol

144

126

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The worldwide increase in life expectancy gives rise to an increasing prevalence of cardiac diseases, which remain the leading cause of disability and death in the developed world [1][2][3] . Currently, the mechanisms under lying how ageing contributes to the initiation or acceler ation of cardiac diseases are essentially unresolved. Prevailing theories of ageing centre on gradual derail ment of cellular protein homeostasis -proteostasis -either by design (genetically) or by 'wear and tear' (environmentally) 3 . Central to the role of proteostasis derailment as a major factor in ageing is the observation that protein function declines over time.Proteins are the most versatile and complex macro molecules and are involved in the proper functioning of every biological process 4 . After synthesis as a poly peptide chain from the genetic code, proper function of a protein relies heavily on its correct folding into a 3D native state and on various post translational modifi cations, mostly involving the addition of chem ical groups (including phosphate, acetate, and carbo hydrate). Protein maturation, transport, and ultimately breakdown is monitored and supported by various classes of proteins, collectively called 'protein quality control' (PQC) [3][4][5] . Balanced proteostasis, therefore, depends on proper PQC and is crucial for cellular and organismal health 6 . The intricate network making up the PQC involves numerous proteins, of which the main players are the chaperones and their regula tors 4,7-9 (assisting in folding and refolding of proteins) and the pathways that clear irreversibly misfolded and aggregation prone proteins (the ubiquitin-proteasome system [UPS] and autophagy systems) 9-11 . With ageing, the gradual accumulation of misfolded or damaged pro teins, together with concomitant failure of PQC, results in proteotoxic stress and compromised defence against reactive oxygen species (ROS) 10 , a process that is likely to be accelerated in various age related diseases includ ing neurodegenerative diseases 12,13 , type 2 diabetes mel litus 14 , cancer 15 , and cardiac diseases [16][17][18][19][20] . In addition to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, ageing is accompanied by an imbalance in the proteome, as indi cated by lowered expression of chaperone, proteaso mal, ribosomal, and mitochondrial proteins, whereas proteins related to oxidative stress are upregulated 21,22 . Although mild impairment of proteostasis extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, referred to as hormesis, sustained impairment is accompanied by loss of PQC to neutralize this effect 3,5 . Importantly, evidence indicates that the amount of soluble, aggregate prone protein oligomers, rather than the abundance of pro tein aggregates, correlates with disease severity 23,24 . Therefore, protein aggregates, which contain both misfolded proteins and elevated levels of chaper ones, constitute an adequate PQC response, aimed at sequestering potentially harmful protein oligomers, rather than embodying the ultimate cellular threat 25 . This ...

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Section: The Proteostasis Network Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteostasis in cardiac health and disease

Henning

Brundel²

2017

Nat Rev Cardiol

144

126

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“…Hence, PTM-patterns are probably important when trying to identify the molecular "fingerprints" of different pain conditions. Other important forms of PTMs include acetylation, deamidation, hydroxylation, nitration, palmitoylation, phosphorylation, sulfation and ubiquitination [122,205]. Hence, looking only at total levels of a particular protein is probably often too simplistic.…”

Section: Gel-based Proteomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PTMs modulate enzyme activity, protein turnover and localization, protein-protein interactions, various signalling cascades, DNA repair, and cell division [122]. It is becoming increasingly clear that PTMs are important in both health and disease.…”

Section: Gel-based Proteomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas the genome is constant, the proteome is constantly modulated by genome-environment interactions [169,170]. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) generate a tremendous protein diversity from the ~20 000 protein-coding genes of the human genome, the complexity of the proteome being several orders of magnitude greater than the coding capacity of the genome [50,115,122]. The relationship between genome, transcriptome and proteome is depicted in Figure 12.…”

Section: Gel-based Proteomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cerebrospinal Fluid in Severe Pain Conditions : Clinical, Pharmacological and Proteomic Aspects

Bäckryd¹

2015

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The treatment of both cancer pain and non-cancer chronic pain is still suboptimal. The overall aim of this PhD thesis was to conduct translational pain research at the interface between clinical pain medicine and the field of human proteomics, using the practice of intrathecal analgesia at our institution as a starting point. Hence, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is at the centre of the present dissertation, both as a target for infusing analgesics (Papers I and II – clinical and pharmacological aspects) and as an important biofluid for human biomarker studies (Papers III and IV – proteomic aspects). In Paper I, 28 cases of intrathecal analgesia in cancer patients were prospectively followed. Movement-evoked breakthrough pain remained a major clinical problem throughout the study month despite otherwise successful intrathecal analgesia (defined as good control of spontaneous resting pain paralleled by a marked decrease of concomitant systemic opioid doses). This study therefore illustrates the importance of considering not only spontaneous resting pain but also movement-evoked breakthrough pain. In Paper II, an expert-based algorithm for trialing the intrathecal analgesic ziconotide by bolus injections was evaluated in an open-label study of 23 patients with chronic neuropathic pain. We found few responders (13%) according to the strict criteria of the algorithm, but ziconotide bolus injection trialing seems feasible. The predictive power of ziconotide bolus trialing remains unclear, and the pharmacological profile of ziconotide (with very slow tissue penetration due to high hydrophilicity) calls the rationale for ziconotide bolus trialing into question. In Paper III, we found low levels of beta-endorphin in the CSF of chronic neuropathic pain patients (n=15) compared to healthy controls (n=19). We speculate that this might indicate dysfunctional top-down control of nociception. Substance P levels in the CSF did not differ by univariate statistics. In Paper IV, the CSF proteome of 11 patients with chronic neuropathic pain and 11 healthy controls was exploratively studied, combining gel-based proteomics with multivariate data analysis. After eliminating four proteins associated with age, 32 proteins were found to highly discriminate between groups. Among these, the seven proteins having the highest discriminatory power between patients and controls were: one isoform of angiotensinogen, two isoforms of alpha-1-antitrypsin, three isoforms of haptoglobin, and one isoform of pigment epithelium-derived factor. In conclusion, this PhD thesis demonstrates the fruitfulness of studying the CSF, both as a target for infusing analgesics and as a potential mirror of the neurobiological processes involved in pathological pain conditions. The thesis points to the need for more research into the mechanisms of different pain conditions, in order to hopefully achieve the vision of mechanism-based pain diagnoses

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“…Proteoforms are post translational modifications of proteins giving rise to new functional capabilities or regulation of the cellular environment [29,14]. Some of these proteoforms have been implicated in diseases such as cancer [9] and age related dementia [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%