Small Farmers in Florida Province, Bolivia: Reciprocity in Practice

Payments for ecosystem services or collective stewardship of Mother Earth? Applying deliberative valuation in an indigenous community in Colombia

“…Despite recurring criticisms in the past that have accused PES as relying on the "asocial logic of neoclassical economics" (McAfee, 2012:105), the reality is that PES are flexible tools that rarely follow a strict market rationale (Muradian and Gómez-Baggethun, 2013). In Bolivia, for example, PES have been successfully reframed as "reciprocal agreements for water" (Bétrisey and Mager, 2014), thereby avoiding the market transaction framing and instead tapping into preexistent social norms of reciprocity. In Mexico, the idea of PES as "payments" has been rejected by farmers in favor of conceptualizing them as a "support" or "recognition" instead (Denham, 2017).…”

In-kind conservation payments crowd in environmental values and increase support for government intervention: A randomized trial in Bolivia

“…The program provides modest development support in exchange for avoiding deforestation and excluding livestock from riparian forest. Natura first visited each treatment community to offer a series of information sessions presenting their compensations as "reciprocal watershed agreements" and likening the arrangements to existing reciprocity norms that are common in the region (Bétrisey & Mager 2014;Capuma 2007). The information sessions characterized the program as establishing a reciprocal relationship between (i) Natura and those entering into the Watershared agreements, (ii) upstream and downstream water users, as well as between (iii) human beings and the natural environment.…”

Commercialization of Work Relation Between Land Owner and Landless Peasant in Central Java

“…The results of this study have not explained the balance of reciprocity. In certain farming communities, reciprocity is based on a mix of logical lead contexts from both culture and markets used in agricultural and environmental business governance [6]. Farmers' behavior in managing agricultural business is inseparable from a network of collaboration that utilizes reciprocity or reciprocity [7].…”