Small-Scale and Low-Cost Electrodes for "Standard" Reduction Potential Measurements

Eggen, Per-Odd; Kvittingen, Lise; Grönneberg, Truls

doi:10.1021/ed084p671

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In terms of more easily assembled electrode systems, Eggen and Kvittingen designed a very inexpensive hydrogen electrode for high school teaching purposes using small, disposable polyethylene pipets filled with HCl solution and with a Pt wire inserted through the pipet bulb. This electrode will maintain its potential for short time since the H 2 gas will escape easily through the hole where the Pt wire was inserted.…”

mentioning

confidence: 62%

From Ideality to Simplicity: A Robust and Affordable Hydrogen Reference Electrode

Duran-Chaves

Sanabria-Chinchilla

2020

J. Chem. Educ.

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In electrochemistry, the concept of a reference electrode is fundamental. Introductory courses might mention the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), its working principle, and its theoretical design; however, chances are that students will never have the opportunity to work with one. A hydrogen electrode should be a device readily available at the laboratory, either from an academic or an experimental point of view. The construction of a simple, robust hydrogen reference electrode, with materials available at the laboratory, is proposed. The main purpose is to fulfill the desired characteristics in a reference electrode such as stable potential over time, mechanical stability, and low cost. The designed robust hydrogen reference electrode (RHRE) presented adequate potential stability. Electrochemical characterization indicates that the RHRE is an acceptable system for electrochemical measurements. From an academic point of view, this electrode could be used as a practical tool for the learning process of the hydrogen electrode operation.

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confidence: 62%

From Ideality to Simplicity: A Robust and Affordable Hydrogen Reference Electrode

Duran-Chaves

Sanabria-Chinchilla

2020

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…Hands-on activities certainly contribute not only to students’ scientific inquiry skills but also to their profound understanding of science. Successful miniaturized or small lab kits have been described in many articles. − They are great tools that reduce the use of chemicals and energy, saving time and the environment . They can also reduce the levels of potential incidents or accidents that might occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

STEM Activities in Determining Stoichiometric Mole Ratios for Secondary-School Chemistry Teaching

Chonkaew¹,

Sukhummek

Faikhamta

2019

J. Chem. Educ.

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This article provides teachers with a guideline on how to create a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) hands-on environment and prepare a small lab kit for determining stoichiometric mole ratios of the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas for secondary-school students. This guideline will provide teachers with a low-cost, simple and rapid workstation allowing and encouraging small groups of students to gain hands-on experience. The small lab kit is developed based on the principle of green chemistry resulting in less chemical usage, less time consumption and less waste production. This article also provides related STEM activities to improve the engagements, aspirations and attitudes of students toward science and technology. These activities provide students with a chance to explore the stoichiometric mole ratio concepts and challenge them toward STEM.

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“…Ion conductive junctions for home‐made REs were previously realized in form of aqueous agar‐agar gel plugs , [9c,j] which are easy to make and well‐sealing, but they suffer from gel‐swelling, have limited long‐term stability and are incompatible with anhydrous chemistry; imperfect seals of molten glass around Pt wire , [9e] are a robust option for organic and aqueous electrolytes, but challenging to manufacture reproducibly in high quality and requiring expensive platinum wire; glass wool [9l] and felt‐tips of pens [9i] are straightforwardly implemented as conductive junctions, but they provide only a very limited barrier to mixing of bulk‐ and RE compartment electrolyte; asbestos fiber [9m] was demonstrated to work in aqueous and non‐aqueous solutions, but its use is limited by unsatisfactory sealing and health hazards; molecular sieves was used as conductive junction with great success in aqueous and organic electrolyte, by connecting cylindrical pellets to an electrode compartment via heat‐shrink tubing, [9b] by melting spherical beads into plastic pipette tips, [9b] or by melting molecular sieves powder into glass compartments [9g,h] . While molecular sieves per se is a very promising option in terms of stability and compatibility with aqueous as well as anhydrous conditions, the seals with heat‐shrink tubing or in molten plastic pipette tips is often compromised.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction and Evaluation of Cheap and Robust Miniature Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes for Aqueous and Organic Electrolytes

Lyu,

Mollik,

Oláh

et al. 2024

ChemElectroChem

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Stable reference electrodes (REs) are crucial for reliable voltammetry, controlled potential electrosynthesis, or spectro‐electrochemistry. Yet, inferior pseudo‐REs, such as plain Ag wire are often used, because commercial REs are expensive, may degrade or contaminate under required conditions, or don't fit geometric restrictions of custom setups. Addressing such cases, we report construction, benchmarking and utilization of easy to make, cheap (<1 €), and robust miniature REs from pasteur pipettes, molecular sieve beads and Ag wire. Excellent potential precision and accuracy with at least 1 week device stability was obtained for aqueous Ag/AgCl REs with 3 M NaCl in H2O and anhydrous 0.1 M TBACl in MeCN inner‐electrolytes. Even in alkaline 1 M NaOH electrolyte, where initial Ag/AgCl REs quickly convert to Ag/Ag2O (1 M NaOH) REs, perfect potential precision, accuracy, and at least 1 week stability are demonstrated. According to experimental needs, miniature REs can be built with many organic and aqueous electrolytes. For these custom use‐cases, we report guidelines to calibrate absolute RE potential, and to assess device precision, accuracy and stability. Finally, electro‐hydrogenation of styrene on nickel electrodes exemplifies superiority of Ag/AgCl REs over Ag wire pseudo‐REs, affording more reliable electrolysis current, cell potential and potential dependent Faraday efficiency.

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Small-Scale and Low-Cost Electrodes for "Standard" Reduction Potential Measurements

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

From Ideality to Simplicity: A Robust and Affordable Hydrogen Reference Electrode

From Ideality to Simplicity: A Robust and Affordable Hydrogen Reference Electrode

STEM Activities in Determining Stoichiometric Mole Ratios for Secondary-School Chemistry Teaching

Construction and Evaluation of Cheap and Robust Miniature Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes for Aqueous and Organic Electrolytes

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