Small-scale biomass CHP plants in Sweden and Finland

Review of micro- and small-scale technologies to produce electricity and heat from Mediterranean forests׳ wood chips

“…Otherwise, some storage system can be added to the system to smoothen the consumption profile [84]. In any case, they have been labeled as an efficient solution for small-and micro-scale applications [79] due to low upfront costs and good part-load performance [32,63] so better return on investment rates are achieved at such scales of electricity generation [82].…”

“…However, their relatively low performance and inability to take advantage of excess heat is driving their current replacement by steam turbines [63].…”

“…At micro-scale, 25-26% is the current technological limit of biomass conversion to electricity efficiency; at small-scale, it increases a bit reaching values close to 30% and at large-scale, efficiencies as great as 45-47% can be obtained for electricity generation. These values are obviously greater when the thermal efficiency is considered: total efficiencies can be greater than 100% at large-scale and even at microscale due to the good behavior of Stirling engines and STs at their respective scales and provided that flue-gas condensation is used [63] to cool the working fluid down below its dew point. With this process, heat from the atmospheric air can be recovered thus enhancing the efficiency to values greater than 100% because the efficiency is calculated in relation to energy input from biomass not including the energy stored within the atmospheric air in form of heat.…”

A tolerance criterion for tar concentration in a model wood gas for a nickel/scandia-stabilized zirconia cermet anode in a solid oxide fuel cell

“…(4); as oxygen, as shown in Eqs. (5) and (6); or as both. In other words, increasing current density is equivalent to increasing the steam-to-carbon ratio, the excess air ratio, or both; for this reason, the effect of current density on elemental nickel loss was investigated (Fig.…”

Energy diversification in Finland: achievements and potential of renewable energy development

“…While forest and paper, metal and chemical, and engineering represent about 80% of Finland's industrial production, the forest and paper industry alone consumes 63% of industrial energy (OPET report 9 2002). Since the major natural resource in Finland is forest with pasture nearly 86% of the total land cover, the principal RE source is biofuels (Salomona et al 2011;Kara 2001).…”