Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals

Modina, S.; Veronesi, M.C.; Moioli, Melania; Meloni, T.; Lodi, Giovanni; Bronzo, V.; Giancamillo, M. Di

doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1092-6

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In this study, some important information about the serial changes in skeletal development of forelimb during the six months of age, in medium-sized Nigerian indigenous dogs was provided. The radiographic findings from the postnatal skeletal development of the forelimb in Nigerian indigenous dogs were similar to that reported b [17] and [18] except for the humerus, which presents the appearance of SOC at the proximal and distal epiphyses at 4week-old unlike the reported studies that appeared from 8-week-old and 3-week-old respectively. However, Von Dfeil and DeCamp [19] stated that the SOC at proximal and distal epiphyses of humerus and radius appeared at prenatal, while the SOC of the ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges appeared from 3 to 4 months of age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Radiographic and Biochemical Evaluations of Postnatal Development of Bones of the Forelimb in Nigerian Indigenous Dogs.

Bappah

2021

JVBS

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Bone is a hard and resilient tissue structure that provides mechanical support for the body of an organism. This study was aimed to evaluate the radiographical and biochemical changes during postnatal bone development of forelimbs in Nigerian indigenous puppies from 2-week-old to 24-week-old. Six (6) Nigerian indigenous puppies were chemically restrained using chlorpromazine at 2 mg/kg I.M. and positioned using ropes and sandbags for mediolateral and craniocaudal views of bones of the forelimbs. At 2-week-old, radiographic evaluation of bones of the forelimbs were undertaken and continued bi-weekly up to 24-week-old. Serum samples were analysed from 4-week-old to 24-week-old at four weeks’ interval for mineral (electrolytes) using colometric method for calcium and phosphorus and flame photometry method for sodium and potassium. At 2-week-old, there was an ill-defined radiopaque secondary ossification centre at the proximal epiphysis and a small ovoid radiopaque structure at the distal epiphysis of the humerus. There was not any sign of secondary ossification centre at proximal and distal epiphyses of both radius and ulna. There was the presence of a small radiopaque (ill-defined) accessory carpal. 1st to 5th metacarpals were present together with the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of all digits except the 1st digit that has proximal and distal phalanges. From 20-week-old, fully developed carpals and bony structures were observed through 24-week-old where the commencement of fusion of apophyses of olecranon (proximal epiphysis of ulna) at the centre and acrophyses of metacarpals and phalanges. The mean values (mean ± SEM) from serum biochemistry of calcium, phosphate, sodium and potassium in mmol/L from this study were within the normal limits throughout the study. Conclusively, the complementary information from calcium, phosphate, sodium and potassium in this study showed that these elements are within the normal limit that suggests normal bone development during the study period, which stressed the importance of the knowledge on serial changes of bone development which could be useful in clinical practice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Radiographic and Biochemical Evaluations of Postnatal Development of Bones of the Forelimb in Nigerian Indigenous Dogs.

Bappah

2021

JVBS

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“…The investigation made it also possible to reliably classify 19 puppies belonging to 5 previously uncategorized breeds using the neural nets. Moreover, it suggested that canine cadavers can represent a valid alternative to in vivo animal models in the study of skeleton development, as previously demonstrated [ 36 , 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Recently, an allometric study was performed on newborn puppies belonging to small-sized breeds. The study included craniometric measures, but skull morphotype was not considered [ 36 ]. Since literature lacks study design standardization, the present investigation aimed to evaluate skull morphometry in newborn dogs and to classify puppies belonging to previously non-categorized canine breeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel contributions in canine craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies

et al. 2018

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The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).

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“…Another morphometric study was recently carried out on 27 spontaneously dead small-sized new-born dogs. Radiographic measurements of the length of long limb bones were positively correlated with the dogs' age and body weight [39]. However, since this study was carried out on dead animals, it is not possible to make any considerations about bone growth rate in relation to age or body weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study

et al. 2021

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Despite the extreme morphological variability of the canine species, data on limb development are limited and the time windows for the appearance of the limb ossification centres (OCs) reported in veterinary textbooks, considered universally valid for all dogs, are based on dated studies. The aim of this study was to acquire up-to-date information regarding the arm, forearm and leg bone development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. Nine litters of 5 large-sized breeds (Boxer, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Saarloos Wolfdog, White Swiss Shepherd Dog) were included, for a total of 54 dogs, which were subject to radiographic examination on a bi-weekly basis. The appearance of 18 limb OCs was recorded and 14 radiographic measurements were performed; their relationship with age and body weight was investigated and any breed differences were analysed using different statistical non-parametric tests. The number of OCs present was significantly different at 6 and 8 weeks of age between the investigated breeds. The appearance of the OCs occurred earlier in the Saarloos Wolfdog, while the Labrador Retriever was the later breed. In Boxers and Labrador Retrievers, various OCs showed a delayed appearance compared to the data reported in the literature. The number of OCs was strongly and positively correlated to body weight. Breed differences were also observed in the relative increase of the measured OCs and were not limited to dogs of different morphotypes. Statistically significant differences were most frequently observed between Saarloos Wolfdogs and the other breeds. The OCs that showed a greater variability in their development were the olecranon tuber, the patella and the tibial tuberosity. Their increase was more strongly correlated with the dog’s age and body weight. Our data strongly suggest that differences in limb development exist in dog breeds of similar size and morphotype.

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Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Radiographic and Biochemical Evaluations of Postnatal Development of Bones of the Forelimb in Nigerian Indigenous Dogs.

Radiographic and Biochemical Evaluations of Postnatal Development of Bones of the Forelimb in Nigerian Indigenous Dogs.

Novel contributions in canine craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies

Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study

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