Smallpox and vaccinia

Kennedy, Richard B.; Lane, John; Henderson, Donald A.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00010-0

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 298 publications

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“…Although a vaccinia neutralization titer of 20 to 32 [36][37][38], depending on the study, is thought by some to be protective against smallpox, a MVA neutralization titer that correlates with protection has not been defined. However, a two-dose regimen of IMVAMUNE ® has been shown to provide a similar antibody response as Dryvax ® [9], reduced the size of replicating vaccinia takes [9,28] and was as effective if not better than Dryvax ® in producing peak 90% variola virus neutralization GMTs [39,40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naïve subjects

Frey¹,

Wald²,

Edupuganti³

et al. 2015

Vaccine

113

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naïve subjects

Frey¹,

Wald²,

Edupuganti³

et al. 2015

Vaccine

113

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“…Smallpox is caused by the variola virus (VARV), a large, enveloped double-stranded DNA virus in the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family [17]. Natural smallpox infection typically spreads through close personal contact with ill persons through inhalation of droplets containing infectious virus or, less frequently, by direct contact [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First-generation vaccines are not likely to play a major role in future biodefense activities, but are the gold standard for smallpox vaccines and are briefly discussed here for comparison purposes. For additional information, readers are referred to more comprehensive sources [9,10,17,50]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defending against smallpox: a focus on vaccines

Voigt

Kennedy

Poland

2016

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Smallpox has shaped human history, from the earliest human civilizations well into the 20th century. With high mortality rates, rapid transmission, and serious long-term effects on survivors, smallpox was a much-feared disease. The eradication of smallpox represents an unprecedented medical victory for the lasting benefit of human health and prosperity. Concerns remain, however, about the development and use of the smallpox virus as a biological weapon, which necessitates the need for continued vaccine development. Smallpox vaccine development is thus a much-reviewed topic of high interest. This review focuses on the current state of smallpox vaccines and their context in biodefense efforts.

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“…Smallpox, a disease caused by variola virus, was declared eradicated by the World Health Assembly on May 8, 1980 . However, its potential use as a bioterrorism agent, concern over its reintroduction through human remains predating its eradication, and issues surrounding forgotten or hidden samples of the virus warrant its inclusion in this paper . The variola virus is classified within the genus Orthopoxvirus , which includes monkeypox, cowpox, camelpox, mousepox, and vaccinia .…”

Section: Smallpoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, its potential use as a bioterrorism agent, concern over its reintroduction through human remains predating its eradication, and issues surrounding forgotten or hidden samples of the virus warrant its inclusion in this paper . The variola virus is classified within the genus Orthopoxvirus , which includes monkeypox, cowpox, camelpox, mousepox, and vaccinia . The origin of the virus is unknown, and the virus only affects humans .…”

Section: Smallpoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Hazards and Risks of Forensic Anthropology, Part I: Human Remains

Roberts

Dabbs

Spencer

2015

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This work reviews the hazards and risks of practicing forensic anthropology in North America, with a focus on pathogens encountered through contact with unpreserved human remains. Since the publication of Galloway and Snodgrass' seminal paper concerning the hazards of forensic anthropology, research has provided new information about known pathogen hazards, and regulating authorities have updated recommendations for the recognition and treatment of several infections. Additionally, forensic anthropology has gained popularity, exposing an increased number of students and practitioners to these hazards. Current data suggest many occupational exposures to blood or body fluids go unreported, especially among students, highlighting the need for this discussion. For each pathogen and associated disease, this work addresses important history, reviews routes of exposure, provides an overview of symptoms and treatments, lists decontamination procedures, and presents data on postmortem viability. Personal protection and laboratory guidelines should be established and enforced in conjunction with the consideration of these data.

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Smallpox and vaccinia

Cited by 12 publications

References 298 publications

Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naïve subjects

Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naïve subjects

Defending against smallpox: a focus on vaccines

An Update on the Hazards and Risks of Forensic Anthropology, Part I: Human Remains

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