Smallpox

Moore, Zack; Seward, Jane F.; Lane, John

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68143-9

Cited by 126 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 92 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Infections with either pathogen can be effectively prevented by prophylactic use of a licensed smallpox vaccine; however, potential serious side effects (e.g., eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia, myocarditis, and death) limit its use in the general population in the absence of a verified threat, and the vaccine is contraindicated for use in the treatment of immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and individuals with atopic dermatitis. Moreover, the vaccine is only effective when given within a few days after exposure to either VAR or MPX (14). While safer vaccines based on attenuated vaccinia virus strains are being developed, they are not currently on the market.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman Primates Are Protected from Smallpox Virus or Monkeypox Virus Challenges by the Antiviral Drug ST-246

Huggins

Goff

Hensley

et al. 2009

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

153

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ST-246, a potent orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor, is safe and effective at preventing disease and death in studies of small-animal models involving challenge by several different pathogenic poxviruses. In this report, the antiviral efficacy of ST-246 in treatment of nonhuman primates infected with variola virus or monkeypox virus was assessed. The data indicate that oral dosing once per day with ST-246 protects animals from poxvirus disease, as measured by reductions in viral load and numbers of lesions and enhancement of survival.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman Primates Are Protected from Smallpox Virus or Monkeypox Virus Challenges by the Antiviral Drug ST-246

Huggins

Goff

Hensley

et al. 2009

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

153

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…atopic dermatitis ͉ eczema vaccinatum V accinia virus (VV) belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which includes variola virus, the agent that causes smallpox, and is a potent vaccine against smallpox (1). Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 and vaccination ceased in the U.S. in 1972 and in the rest of the world in 1979 (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 and vaccination ceased in the U.S. in 1972 and in the rest of the world in 1979 (1). Recent concern that VV might be used as a bioterror weapon has led to selective vaccination of military personnel and to contingency plans for mass vaccination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinia virus inoculation in sites of allergic skin inflammation elicits a vigorous cutaneous IL-17 response

Oyoshi

Elkhal

Kumar

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eczema vaccinatum (EV) is a complication of smallpox vaccination occurring in patients with atopic dermatitis. In affected individuals, vaccinia virus (VV) spreads through the skin, resulting in large primary lesions and satellite lesions, and infects internal organs. BALB/c mice inoculated with VV at sites of Th2-biased allergic skin inflammation elicited by epicutaneous ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization exhibited larger primary lesions that were erosive, more satellite lesions, and higher viral loads in skin and internal organs than mice inoculated in saline-exposed skin, unsensitized skin, or skin sites with Th1-dominant inflammation. VV inoculation in OVA-sensitized skin induced marked local expression of IL-17 transcripts and massive neutrophil infiltration compared to VV inoculation in saline-exposed skin. Treatment with anti-IL-17 decreased the size of primary lesions, numbers of satellite lesions, and viral loads. Addition of IL-17 promoted VV replication in skin explants. These results suggest that IL-17 may be a potential therapeutic target in EV.atopic dermatitis ͉ eczema vaccinatum V accinia virus (VV) belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which includes variola virus, the agent that causes smallpox, and is a potent vaccine against smallpox (1). Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 and vaccination ceased in the U.S. in 1972 and in the rest of the world in 1979 (1). Recent concern that VV might be used as a bioterror weapon has led to selective vaccination of military personnel and to contingency plans for mass vaccination. A major concern is that patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), which affects 15-20% of children in industrialized countries, are susceptible to eczema vaccinatum (EV), a life-threatening complication in which VV disseminates in the skin, resulting in satellite skin lesions, and spreads to internal organs (2). Although smallpox vaccination is contraindicated in AD patients, they are at risk for EV following contact with recently immunized individuals (3).IL-4 and IL-10 promote VV spread (4, 5). In contrast, IFN-␥ (6), IgG antibody (7), CD8 ϩ cytotoxic T cells (8), NK cells (9), and the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (10) are thought to contribute to VV containment. It has been suggested that IL-4 driven down-regulation of AMPs in AD skin lesions predisposes to EV (10). IL-17 is expressed in acute skin lesions of patients with AD and in their peripheral blood CD4 ϩ T cells (11,12). There is controversy as to whether IL-17 promotes or attenuates VV infection (13,14).We have previously shown that epicutaneous (EC) sensitization of BALB/c mice with ovalbumin (OVA) results in skin inflammation with similarities to AD skin lesions, characterized by infiltration with CD4 ϩ cells and eosinophils and by increased expression of mRNA for Th2 cytokines and IL-17, but not 16). In this study, we show that inoculation of VV in OVA-sensitized skin results in larger primary lesions, more satellite lesions, and higher viral loads and markedly higher local expression...

show abstract

“…Postexposure vaccination with a first-generation vaccine can prevent smallpox if given within approximately 3 days of exposure [23]. Presumably, the same would be true of a secondgeneration vaccine, since it is made with the same virus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%