“…Other learning models using Packet Tracer (Vijayalakshmi, Desai & Raikar, 2016;Zhang, Liang & Ma, 2012;Janitor, Jakab & Kniewald, 2010) offer basic introductions and application/transport layer exercises but neglect crucial network and link layer aspects. Further limitations can be observed in models focusing solely on router configuration via device commands (Javid, 2014;Noor, et al, 2018), or topics like Internet of Things (IoT) simulation (Gwangwava & Mubvirwi, 2021;Almalki, 2020;Chaudhari, Joshi, Joshi & Kumar, 2020;Gumina & Tang, 2021), or basic routing table manipulation, wireless, and firewall configurations (Allison, 2022;Abdrabou & Shakhatreh, 2021;Reddy, et. al, 2020).…”