“…In recent years, batch operations have become increasingly popular in manufacturing low-volume, high-value-added products. They have been successfully applied in various fields, including fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. , Batch operations can adapt new products to meet changing market needs by accommodating variabilities in raw material characteristics and operating conditions . However, maintaining consistency in batch product quality can be challenging due to the narrow acceptable range of quality specifications for different grades of products .…”