Smart capsule for monitoring inflammation profile throughout the gastrointestinal tract

Gopalakrishnan, Sarath; Thomas, Rithu; Sedaghat, Sotoudeh; Krishnakumar, Akshay; Khan, Sadid; Meyer, Trevor; Ajieren, Hans; Nejati, Sina; Wang, Jiangshan; Verma, Mohit S.; Irazoqui, Pedro; Rahimi, Rahim

doi:10.1016/j.biosx.2023.100380

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Reactive oxygen species are able to be measured using electrochemical sensors and have been described in proof‐of‐concept recently, combined with a pH sensor to help localise the capsule within the gastrointestinal tract. 93 It has been proposed as an alternative biomarker to assess inflammation, such as in inflammatory bowel disease.…”

Section: The Landscape Of Ingestible Sensors In Gastroenterologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: Current status and future directions of ingestible electronic devices in gastroenterology

Thwaites,

Yao,

Halmos

et al. 2024

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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SummaryBackgroundAdvances in microelectronics have greatly expanded the capabilities and clinical potential of ingestible electronic devices.AimTo provide an overview of the structure and potential impact of ingestible devices in development that are relevant to the gastrointestinal tract.MethodsWe performed a detailed literature search to inform this narrative review.ResultsTechnical success of ingestible electronic devices relies on the ability to miniaturise the microelectronic circuits, sensors and components for interventional functions while being sufficiently powered to fulfil the intended function. These devices offer the advantages of being convenient and minimally invasive, with real‐time assessment often possible and with minimal interference to normal physiology. Safety has not been a limitation, but defining and controlling device location in the gastrointestinal tract remains challenging. The success of capsule endoscopy has buoyed enthusiasm for the concepts, but few ingestible devices have reached clinical practice to date, partly due to the novelty of the information they provide and also due to the challenges of adding this novel technology to established clinical paradigms. Nonetheless, with ongoing technological advancement and as understanding of their potential impact emerges, acceptance of such technology will grow. These devices have the capacity to provide unique insight into gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Interventional functions, such as sampling of tissue or luminal contents and delivery of therapies, may further enhance their ability to sharpen gastroenterological diagnoses, monitoring and treatment.ConclusionsThe development of miniaturised ingestible microelectronic‐based devices offers exciting prospects for enhancing gastroenterological research and the delivery of personalised, point‐of‐care medicine.

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Section: The Landscape Of Ingestible Sensors In Gastroenterologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: Current status and future directions of ingestible electronic devices in gastroenterology

Thwaites,

Yao,

Halmos

et al. 2024

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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“…Alternatively, electrochemical sensing offers a low-power, realtime, and scalable sensing modality suitable for detecting NO and H 2 S; however, few ingestible capsule devices possess electrochemical sensing capabilities, and none are capable of selectively detecting H 2 S in the GI tract. [27,28] Implantable electrochemical sensing modules have successfully detected dynamic changes of NO in response to induced inflammation, though integration into a capsule embodiment has yet to be realized. [29][30][31] Commercial screen-printed H 2 S sensors, such as the 3SP-H2S-50 (SPEC Sensors LLC, Irvine, CA), offer a potential path toward system miniaturization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized Capsule System Toward Real‐Time Electrochemical Detection of H₂S in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Stine,

Ruland,

Beardslee

et al. 2023

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous inflammatory mediator and important signaling molecule for maintaining gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis. Excess intraluminal H2S in the GI tract has been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative disorders; however, the role of H2S in disease pathogenesis and progression is unclear. Herein, an electrochemical gas‐sensing ingestible capsule is developed to enable real‐time, wireless amperometric measurement of H2S in GI conditions. A gold (Au) three‐electrode sensor is modified with a Nafion solid‐polymer electrolyte (Nafion‐Au) to enhance selectivity toward H2S in humid environments. The Nafion‐Au sensor‐integrated capsule shows a linear current response in H2S concentration ranging from 0.21 to 4.5 ppm (R2 = 0.954) with a normalized sensitivity of 12.4% ppm−1 when evaluated in a benchtop setting. The sensor proves highly selective toward H2S in the presence of known interferent gases, such as hydrogen (H2), with a selectivity ratio of H2S:H2 = 1340, as well as toward methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The packaged capsule demonstrates reliable wireless communication through abdominal tissue analogues, comparable to GI dielectric properties. Also, an assessment of sensor drift and threshold‐based notification is investigated, showing potential for in vivo application. Thus, the developed H2S capsule platform provides an analytical tool to uncover the complex biology‐modulating effects of intraluminal H2S.

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Electronic‐Free Traceable Smart Capsule for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Sampling

Nejati,

Sarnaik,

Gopalakrishnan

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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Non‐invasive smart electronic‐free sampling capsules have revolutionized the exploration of microbiome‐disease interactions in inaccessible regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, a significant impediment to the broader use of electronic‐free capsules is the challenge of reliably tracking and determining their in vivo location. Variability in patient motility introduces uncertainties in capsule position. Thus, there is a critical need for effective solutions that ensure traceability in microbiome studies employing such capsules. While tracking methods are explored in previous smart ingestible capsule designs, most have relied on RF, imaging, and radiation‐based techniques, limiting sampling volume, increasing costs, complicating design, and raising health concerns due to ionizing radiation exposure. To address these challenges, the design of an electronic‐free smart capsule is introduced that integrates a metal tracer for easy metal detection, serving as a reliable tracking mechanism. The capsule is housed in a 3D‐printed casing and includes a superabsorbent hydrogel serving as both a sampling medium and an actuator within the capsule. The capsule's targeted sampling of the GI tract is accomplished by covering the capsule's sampling port with a pH‐responsive coating. Optimal dimensions and material for the cylindrical shaped metal tracer on the capsule are determined through extensive optimizations, considering factors such as gastric flotation, corrosion resistance, read distance, and omnidirectional detectability. The results of these investigations reveal that a 12 mm stainless steel (SS 316L) cylinder offers the necessary detection and tracing capabilities with minimal toxicity and excellent corrosion resistance under relevant physiological conditions in the GI tract. Validation studies, both in vitro and in vivo, confirmed the capsule's trackability using a handheld metal detector. These findings are further validated by X‐ray imaging and CT scans, demonstrating the metal detector's ability to distinguish approximate GI tract regions and determine the time point of excretion. This innovative approach provides a reliable and cost‐effective solution for tracking electronic‐free smart capsules, enhancing their applicability in microbiome research for both human and animal studies.

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Smart capsule for monitoring inflammation profile throughout the gastrointestinal tract

Cited by 6 publications

References 52 publications

Review article: Current status and future directions of ingestible electronic devices in gastroenterology

Review article: Current status and future directions of ingestible electronic devices in gastroenterology

Miniaturized Capsule System Toward Real‐Time Electrochemical Detection of H₂S in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Electronic‐Free Traceable Smart Capsule for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Sampling

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Smart capsule for monitoring inflammation profile throughout the gastrointestinal tract

Cited by 6 publications

References 52 publications

Review article: Current status and future directions of ingestible electronic devices in gastroenterology

Review article: Current status and future directions of ingestible electronic devices in gastroenterology

Miniaturized Capsule System Toward Real‐Time Electrochemical Detection of H2S in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Electronic‐Free Traceable Smart Capsule for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Sampling

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Product

Resources

About

Miniaturized Capsule System Toward Real‐Time Electrochemical Detection of H₂S in the Gastrointestinal Tract