Smart cities and the Internet of Things

Abstract

The smart city concept represents a compelling platform for IT-enabled service innovation. It offers a view of the city where service providers use information technologies to engage with citizens to create more effective urban organizations and systems that can improve the quality of life. The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) model is foundational to the development of smart cities. Integrated cloud-oriented architecture of networks, software, sensors, human interfaces, and data analytics are essential for value creation. IoT smartconnected products and the services they provision will become essential for the future development of smart cities. This paper will explore the smart city concept and propose a strategy development model for the implementation of IoT systems in a smart city context.

Matching of Energy Provisions in Multihop Wireless Infra-Structures

“…For example, the traffic of the smart sensor network in a smart city may be polarized with most traffic flowing from sensors to the data centers in the external network [2,37], as shown in Figure 1a. On the other hand, traffic due to persons communicating with each other may be more evenly distributed within the WMI.…”

“…Multi-hop relay between low-cost base-stations in WMI can greatly extend the network coverage. Access to external networks through gateways can support access to the Internet, smart city networks, IoT and emergency networks [1][2][3]. Therefore, the WMI networks play an important role as a temporary alternative of conventional network infrastructures in the emergency situations, as well as other temporary networks such as low-cost IoT infrastructures.…”

Sustaining the emergency wireless multihop infrastructure by distributed sharing of energy consumption

“…An emergency wireless multihop infrastructure (E‐WMI) employs a collective of wireless routers, also called base stations (BSs) in this paper, to construct the quick‐deployable information infrastructure. E‐WMIs operate as the alternatives to conventional network infrastructures, facilitating information exchange during emergencies and in smart cities . E‐WMIs are subject to energy constraints in emergencies or off‐grid locations, where the network infrastructure may be powered only by batteries.…”

“…E-WMIs operate as the alternatives to conventional network infrastructures, facilitating information exchange during emergencies and in smart cities. [1][2][3][4][5] E-WMIs are subject to energy constraints in emergencies or off-grid locations, where the network infrastructure may be powered only by batteries. Therefore, these networks are expected to be dependable and sustainable for a period as long as possible because a certain period sustainability is essential for the battery replacement, recharging, and successful rescue response.…”

“…The contributions of this paper include: (1) We address the problem that conventional balanced and distributed energy consumption in energy-efficient routings may not lead to the long network lifetime. We observe that, on the contrary, the temporary imbalance of energy consumptions can result in the long-time energy efficiency and prolong the network lifetime from the global view; (2) We transform the problem of long-time and cooperative sharing of routing services into the problem of route switching regulation in E-WMI networks; (3) We analyse the joint impacts of data delivery, route maintenance and route switching on the network lifetime; We analyse the basic impact of the number of route switching or the routing term on the network lifetime with the consideration of route switching cost; and (4) We try to find the optimal number of route switching and routing term to obtain the maximum network lifetime. Such obtained optimal sharing of routing service can be applied as the long-time balanced routing for the energy efficient E-WMI networks.…”