Smart Contact Lenses with Graphene Coating for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Dehydration Protection

Lee, Sangkyu; Jo, Insu; Kang, Sangmin; Jang, Bongchul; Moon, Joonhee; Park, Jong Bo; Soo-Chang, Lee; Rho, S . K .; Kim, Youngsoo; Hong, Byung Hee

doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b00370

Cited by 219 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Precise location and tailoring at the atomic scale of 2D materials are able to tune the physical properties. Although there are diverse preparation methods, high‐precision and large‐scale processing method is always a challenge . Here, we take some methods as examples, including bottom‐up fabrication such as self‐assembly, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and site‐selective growth, as well as top‐down fabrication such as helium ion beam technology, nanoimprint lithography, inkjet printing, screen printing, electron beam lithography, and nanosphere lithography, as shown in Figure …”

Section: Fabrication Of Patterned 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Zhang

Wang

Cao

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

114

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of 2D materials, understanding electromagnetic responses and exploiting abundant strategies to control electromagnetic wave are urgently needed for developing devices. [16][17][18] Patterned structures offer a platform to develop the potential of 2D materials deeply, and even break through some limits of traditional 2D materials. Geometric structures based on such crystals increase the freedom to manipulate electromagnetic wave, giving 2D materials infinite vitality. Recently, micro-nano devices integrated with patterned graphene, MXenes, MoS 2 , WS 2 , or black phosphorus are refreshing human being's cognition, pushing micro-nano devices into a new level. [19][20][21][22][23][24] However, there is still broad space for improvement. Designing a high-performance micro-nano device remains a great challenge. Selecting materials based on the intrinsic nature, arranging layout, tailoring patterned structures, choosing fabrication methods, as well as knowing physical mechanism of devices are all key links in designing a prominent device.Intellectualization, multifunction, automation, or high integration is an inevitable trend in various devices. Reasonable utilization of physical effects to improve performance, optimize figure of merit, and integrate multiple functionalities are becoming the theme of micro-nano devices. Herein, we start from the crystal and electronic structures of several typical 2D materials to summarize the available physical effects and electromagnetic response behaviors. We highlight the progress in preparing patterned 2D materials, and emphasize the mechanism of the micro-nano devices to broaden the horizons for designing devices. Finally, we predict future directions of fabrication techniques and point out the problems in current devices. Electronic Structures and Available Physical Effects of a 2D CrystalCrystal and electronic structures codetermine the properties of materials. Crystal structure, including constituent elements, 2D materials strongly drive the development of micro-nano devices, and patterned structures based on such crystals bring new opportunities. The advanced fabrication techniques of patterned 2D materials and the analysis of their electronic structures, and physical properties to provide access to diverse applications are discussed. Special attention is given to the hotspot electromagnetic functions and devices based on patterned 2D materials, including photodetectors, optoelectronic switches, modulators, polarization converters, gratings, as well as electromagnetic wave attenuation devices. Finally, a systematical outlook on the development of patterned 2D materials in micro-nano devices is presented, pointing out the current problems and exploring the most promising directions in the future. Patterned 2D Materials

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Section: Fabrication Of Patterned 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Zhang

Wang

Cao

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

114

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“…In 2014, Google demonstrated a proof‐of‐concept electrical contact lens that assists diabetics by monitoring the glucose level in their tears and transferring related information wirelessly if the glucose concentration remains high after the wearer has eaten a meal . Other research efforts include a readout integrated circuit (IC) chip for wireless communication from a contact lens, a graphene lens coating for electromagnetic interference shielding, and sensors to monitor intraocular pressure and biochemical changes for human diagnostics. Separately, Minteer and co‐workers developed chemical sensors and biofuel cell systems on contact lenses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient, Flexible Wireless‐Powered Circuit Printed on a Moist, Soft Contact Lens

Takamatsu

Chen

Yoshimasu

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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substantially greater functionality than an electrical eyeglass. [2,3] Numerous technological advances have been reported for sensors, [4][5][6] displays, [7][8][9][10] and microchips [11] with wired [12][13][14] or wireless power supply systems [15][16][17] to produce smart contact lenses. In 2014, Google demonstrated a proof-of-concept electrical contact lens that assists diabetics by monitoring the glucose level in their tears and transferring related information wirelessly if the glucose concentration remains high after the wearer has eaten a meal. [18] Other research efforts include a readout integrated circuit (IC) chip for wireless communication from a contact lens, [19] a graphene lens coating for electromagnetic interference shielding, [20] and sensors to monitor intraocular pressure [21][22][23] and biochemical changes [24][25][26] for human diagnostics. Separately, Minteer and co-workers developed chemical sensors [27] and biofuel cell systems [28] on contact lenses. However, all such attempts have involved dry lithography on hard/soft contact lenses, or an electronics sandwich structure between two contact lens layers. Most electrical circuit printing techniques are difficult to apply to soft, moist surfaces, but most people prefer wearing moist and oxygen-permeable soft contact lenses.Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical (EC) direct printing of integrated wireless-powered circuits onto a moist, soft contact lens (Figure 1a). EC printing is based on the polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) glue at the interface between the circuit and the hydrogel-based substrate. [29,30] The wireless-powered system consists of an in-parallel connection with a loop antenna inductor (L) and a miniaturized ceramic capacitor (C) for an eyeglass and a contact lens; it is designed for power transfer at a resonant frequency of 13.56 MHz. The frequency is an industrial science medical (ISM) band suitable for receiving power without energy loss when the antenna is positioned near an aqueous medium. This band is also suitable for designing a small loop antenna mounted on the contact lens. We optimized the antenna design and the coupling capacitor for electrical eyeglass and contact lenses to achieve a high power transfer efficiency (η) at an appropriate radiation distance. The system is combined with an AC/DC rectifier circuit and a single light-emitting diode (LED) to demonstrate wireless LED lighting on a pig eye even when the eye is rotated to the maximum angle for human eye rotation (Figure 1b). Contact lens with built-in electronics is a next-generation wearable productwith potential applications such as biomedical sensing and wearable displays. However, fabricating a wireless-powered circuit on a moist, soft contact lens, via common dry lithography, makes producing smart contact lenses challenging. Here, electrochemically (EC) printing a wireless-powered circuit onto a moist, soft contact lens is demonstrated. EC printing involves adding a conductive polymer at the interface between a metal contact and ...

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“…While these studies demonstrated proof‐of‐concept sensing platforms, the correlation of blood glucose and tear glucose has not been clearly established . Other studies involved coating contact lenses with graphene to reduce electromagnetic field interference and induce dehydration protection …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Contact Lenses

Jiang

Montelongo

Butt

et al. 2018

Small

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Contact lens is a ubiquitous technology used for vision correction and cosmetics. Sensing in contact lenses has emerged as a potential platform for minimally invasive point-of-care diagnostics. Here, a microlithography method is developed to fabricate microconcavities and microchannels in a hydrogel-based contact lens via a combination of laser patterning and embedded templating. Optical microlithography parameters influencing the formation of microconcavities including ablation power (4.3 W) and beam speed (50 mm s ) are optimized to control the microconcavity depth (100 µm) and diameter (1.5 mm). The fiber templating method allows the production of microchannels having a diameter range of 100-150 µm. Leak-proof microchannel and microconcavity connections in contact lenses are validated through flow testing of artificial tear containing fluorescent microbeads (Ø = 1-2 µm). The microconcavities of contact lenses are functionalized with multiplexed fluorophores (2 µL) to demonstrate optical excitation and emission capability within the visible spectrum. The fabricated microfluidic contact lenses may have applications in ophthalmic monitoring of metabolic disorders at point-of-care settings and controlled drug release for therapeutics.

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Smart Contact Lenses with Graphene Coating for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Dehydration Protection

Cited by 219 publications

References 28 publications

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Highly Efficient, Flexible Wireless‐Powered Circuit Printed on a Moist, Soft Contact Lens

Microfluidic Contact Lenses

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