Smart grid evolution and mobile communications—Scenarios on the Finnish power grid

Borenius, Seppo; Hämmáinen, Heikki; Lehtonen, Matti; Ahokangas, Petri

doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107367

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For each PEST category, a coordinate system having uncertainty and the importance of the forces as axes was utilized. The experts indicated the level of uncertainty and importance by individually placing the forces they had identified on appropriate positions in the coordinate system [15,20]. The scenarios were created by assuming different outcomes for the most significant uncertainties [15,20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scenarios on the Impact of Electric Vehicles on Distribution Grids

Borenius

Tuomainen²,

Tompuri³

et al. 2022

Energies

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The electricity sector has a central role in the efforts to meet climate targets. Consequently, efforts are taking place to electrify industry, heating, and transportation. The Finnish government has set the target to halve carbon dioxide traffic emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. Due to this target, the currently small proportion of electric vehicles (EVs) in Finland could expand in a manner that is difficult to forecast but could be exponential. Amid already strained investment budgets, anticipating the alternative scenarios and impacts of such a transport electrification evolution is of high importance to distribution system operators in order to optimize network planning and enhancements during the coming 15–25 years. The novelty and contribution of this paper is in utilizing a formal scenario planning process to envision what the alternative scenarios are (i.e., possible futures) for the evolution of the electric car fleet in Finland until 2040 and how these alternative scenarios could impact distribution grids. The impact analysis is performed in terms of additional energy and additional power in order to gain an understanding of the high-level impacts and investment needs. The analysis utilizes a real distribution grid in southern Finland as a case example that enables quantification. The results indicate the electric vehicles will, depending the scenario, pose an essential additional load in terms of both energy and power and that the required investment levels and investment types will be heavily dependent on the scenario.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scenarios were created by assuming different outcomes for the most significant uncertainties [15,20]. [15,20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scenarios on the Impact of Electric Vehicles on Distribution Grids

Borenius

Tuomainen²,

Tompuri³

et al. 2022

Energies

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“…Smart grid 2.0 has self-healing and self-organized capabilities. It does not depend on an external electric power supply [166]. Therefore, it is critical to provide network information and security in smart grid 2.0 to guarantee privacy, reliability, and availability.…”

Section: Smart Grid 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Security Requirements and Challenges of 6G Technologies and Applications

Hakeem

Hussein

Kim

2022

Sensors

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After implementing 5G technology, academia and industry started researching 6th generation wireless network technology (6G). 6G is expected to be implemented around the year 2030. It will offer a significant experience for everyone by enabling hyper-connectivity between people and everything. In addition, it is expected to extend mobile communication possibilities where earlier generations could not have developed. Several potential technologies are predicted to serve as the foundation of 6G networks. These include upcoming and current technologies such as post-quantum cryptography, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), enhanced edge computing, molecular communication, THz, visible light communication (VLC), and distributed ledger (DL) technologies such as blockchain. From a security and privacy perspective, these developments need a reconsideration of prior security traditional methods. New novel authentication, encryption, access control, communication, and malicious activity detection must satisfy the higher significant requirements of future networks. In addition, new security approaches are necessary to ensure trustworthiness and privacy. This paper provides insights into the critical problems and difficulties related to the security, privacy, and trust issues of 6G networks. Moreover, the standard technologies and security challenges per each technology are clarified. This paper introduces the 6G security architecture and improvements over the 5G architecture. We also introduce the security issues and challenges of the 6G physical layer. In addition, the AI/ML layers and the proposed security solution in each layer are studied. The paper summarizes the security evolution in legacy mobile networks and concludes with their security problems and the most essential 6G application services and their security requirements. Finally, this paper provides a complete discussion of 6G networks’ trustworthiness and solutions.

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“…A smart meter needs the deployment of a distributed network, and wide coverage is essential in preventing blackouts and also to ensuring smart grid's self-healing capabilities. 6G can also help in realizing some of the applications of the smart grid that require high-speed connectivity such as predictive maintenance, video surveillance in real-time or during natural calamities, recovering proactively during emergency times, etc [164], [165].…”

Section: ) How Xai Can Helpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Explainable AI for 6G: Technical Aspects, Use Cases, and Research Challenges

Wang¹,

Qureshi²,

Miralles-Pechuaán³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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When 5G began its commercialisation journey around 2020, the discussion on the vision of 6G also surfaced. Researchers expect 6G to have higher bandwidth, coverage, reliability, energy efficiency, lower latency, and, more importantly, an integrated "human-centric" network system powered by artificial intelligence (AI). Such a 6G network will lead to an excessive number of automated decisions made every second. These decisions can range widely, from network resource allocation to collision avoidance for self-driving cars. However, the risk of losing control over decision-making may increase due to high-speed data-intensive AI decision-making beyond designers and users' comprehension. The promising explainable AI (XAI) methods can mitigate such risks by enhancing the transparency of the black box AI decision-making process. This survey paper highlights the need for XAI towards the upcoming 6G age in every aspect, including 6G technologies (e.g., intelligent radio, zero-touch network management) and 6G use cases (e.g., industry 5.0). Moreover, we summarised the lessons learned from the recent attempts and outlined important research challenges in applying XAI for building 6G systems. This research aligns with goals 9, 11, 16, and 17 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDG) 1 , promoting innovation and building infrastructure, sustainable and inclusive human settlement, advancing justice and strong institutions, and fostering partnership at the global level.

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Smart grid evolution and mobile communications—Scenarios on the Finnish power grid

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Scenarios on the Impact of Electric Vehicles on Distribution Grids

Scenarios on the Impact of Electric Vehicles on Distribution Grids

Security Requirements and Challenges of 6G Technologies and Applications

Applications of Explainable AI for 6G: Technical Aspects, Use Cases, and Research Challenges

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